Contextual semantic functions of the nuclear sentence patterns in expending the communicative intention of the speaker and ways of their teaching

NGs: at home after which on account of his age
AdjGs: in private at last for good
AdvGs: for ever since when until quite recently
PPs: except in here from out of the forest
fin. wh-cl: Have you decided about when you’re leaving?
wh + to-inf. cl: Have you any problems apart from where to stay?
-ing cl: The miners charge the employers with ignoring their claims.
The following restrictions exist on the realisation of complements:
Adjectival and adverbial groups. Nouns, pronouns and NGs are by far the most common realisation of the prepositional complement. By contrast, the use of AdjGs and AdvGs as complements is infrequent and limited to certain set expressions such as at last, for good, for ever, as in: At last I’m free! ...the family left Ireland for good and made its future in England. I could stay here for ever, it’s so beautiful.
Wh-clauses English prepositions are not followed by that-clauses. The only type of finite clause admissible is the wh-clause, and the only non-finite type the -ing clause. To-infinitive clauses are not admissible either, except when introduced by a wh-item. Combinations 1a and 2a (below), therefore, are not acceptable. An -ing clause can often provide an acceptable alternative, as in 1b and 2b: 1a *I was pleased about (that) Pat won the prize. 1b I was pleased about Pat winning the prize. 2a *We were annoyed at not to get any news from you. 2b We were annoyed at not getting any news from you.
One must be careful to distinguish to-infinitive clauses from the preposition to, which can take an -ing clause, as in the first example below. Most other prepositions likewise take the -ing form, as this is the most nominal among clauses: He devoted his career to helping needy and deprived children. The intruder escaped by clambering over a back fence. Like nouns, adjectives and adverbs, prepositions can also be modified. As already stated, the modifier tends to modify the preposition, though, as we have mentioned, it sometimes appears to modify the relationship expressed by the preposition + complement, for instance, in the case of directional modifiers. The modification usually takes the form of intensification, direction, attenuation, quantification, description (as with adjectives and adverbs) or simply of focusing and reinforcement. Grading by comparative or superlative appears to be more restricted. Not all prepositions admit modifiers. The following are attested examples.