Travelling in search of discovery
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edit
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Main articles:
Geographical exploration
,
Underwater exploration
, and
Space exploration
Ortelius
's 1570 world map, the world's first modern atlas.
Geographical exploration, sometimes considered the default meaning for the more
general term exploration, is the practice of discovering remote lands and regions of the
planet Earth.
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It has included combinations of diversive and inspective exploration. The
surface of the Earth has been relatively comprehensively explored, as access is
generally relatively straightforward, but underwater and subterranean areas are far less
known, and even at the surface, much is still to be discovered in detail in the more
remote and inaccessible wilderness areas.
Two major eras of geographical exploration occurred in human history: The first,
covering most of
Human
history, saw people
moving out of Africa
, settling in new lands,
and developing distinct cultures in relative isolation.
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Early explorers settled in Europe
and Asia; 14,000 years ago, some crossed the
Ice Age land bridge
from Siberia to
Alaska, and moved southwards to settle in the Americas.
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For the most part, these
cultures were ignorant of each other's existence.
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The second period of exploration,
occurring over the last 10,000 years, saw increased cross-cultural exchange through
trade and exploration, and marked a new era of cultural intermingling, and more
recently, convergence.
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Early writings about exploration date back to the 4th millennium B.C. in
ancient Egypt
.
One of the earliest and most impactful thinkers on exploration was
Ptolemy
in the 2nd
century AD. Between the 5th century and 15th century AD, most exploration was done
by Chinese and Arab explorers. This was followed by the
Age of Discovery
after
European scholars rediscovered the works of early Latin and Greek geographers. While
the Age of Discovery was partly driven by land routes outside of Europe becoming
unsafe,
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and a desire for conquest, the 17th century also saw exploration driven by
nobler motives, including scientific discovery and the expansion of knowledge about the
world.
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This broader knowledge of the world's geography meant that people were able
to make
world maps
, depicting all land known. The first modern
atlas
was the
Theatrum
Orbis Terrarum
, published by
Abraham Ortelius
, which included a world map that
depicted all of Earth's continents.
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: 32
DSV
Alvin
, a crewed submersible, much used for underwater exploration.
Underwater exploration is the exploration of any
underwater environment
, either by
direct observation by the explorer, or by remote observation and measurement under
the direction of the investigators. Systematic, targeted exploration, with simultaneous
survey, and recording of data, followed by data processing, interpretation and
publication, is the most effective method to increase understanding of the ocean and
other underwater regions, so they can be effectively managed, conserved, regulated,
and their resources discovered, accessed, and used. Less than 10% of the ocean has
been mapped in any detail, less has bee visually
observed
, and the total diversity of life
and distribution of populations is similarly incompletely known.
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