Table 1.2. Features of the two main paradigms
Positivist
Phenomenological
Tends
to produce qualitative data
Tends to produce qualitative data
Uses large samples
Uses small samples
Concerned with hypothesis
testing
Concerned with generating theories
Data is highly specific and precise
Data is
rich and subjective
The location is artificial
The location is natural
Reliability is high
Reliability is low
Validity is low
Validity is high
Generalises from sample to population
Generalises from one setting to another
Source: Hussey and Hussey (1997)
Mind map 1.4: Research paradigm differences in research methodology
VARIABLES
Any
phenomenon, persons, places or things that the researcher is trying to measure in
some way is referred to as a variable. The effective way to understand variables is to look
at dependent and independent variable and the importance each of them imply in research
writing.
Dependent variable always look at the impact of a test. It is the variable that the researcher
is measuring or testing in an experiment. For instance, teachers can look at the impact of
junk food on student’s health. The dependent variable would be on student’s health.
Independent variables are factors that can be controlled or manipulated by the researcher
and can produce more than one results.
Mind map 1.5 below gives some basic difference between dependent
and independent
variables.
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