Development of novel plastic scintillators based on polyvinyltoluene for the hybrid j-pet/mr tomograph

Table 7 Relative light output of tested plastic scintillators with respect to the light output of stilbene. 
Scintillator 
Relative light output 
Stilbene 
100 % 
Plastic scintillator containing 2-(4′-
N
,
N
-
dimethyloaminophenyl)oxazolo 
[4,5-
b
]pirydyne 
~ 20 % 
Plastic scintillator containing
2-(4-styrylphenyl)benzoxazole 
~ 80 % 
Plastic scintillator containing
2-[4-methylbenzene][1,3]-oxazolo[5,4-
b
]-
quinoline 
~ 50 % 
Figure 7 Amplitude spectra of stilbene with Fermi function fitted (red).
 
0
1
2
3
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Count
s
Amplitude [V]

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30 
Light output of plastic scintillators obtained in laboratory conditions is equal to 
about 20 %, 80 % and 50 % of stilbene, respectively. Because of the highest value of light 
output amongst all tested samples, scintillators containing 2-(4-styrylphenyl)benzoxazole 
are a subject of further tests described in this thesis. 
6. Development of plastic scintillators 
The most popular method of plastic scintillators development is bulk 
polymerization. This is the method widely used for polymerization of all vinyl monomers. 
Liquid monomer: styrene, vinyltoluene or methyl methacrylate with proper additives 
dissolved therein can be polymerized in this way [60]. Bulk polymerization is
a homogeneous process which is conducted in the ambient of pure monomer without any 
additional solvents. It is possible to use substances that initiate the polymerization reaction 
which are called initiators. However, in synthesis of plastic scintillators, the high degree of 
purity is required, so it is better to avoid any additional substances. Moreover, styrene and 
its homologs can be their own initiators when the temperature is raised. The reaction is 
thermally initiated, therefore the process is called thermal polymerization.
The mechanism of that reaction is free radical. Styrene is one of well known 
monomers prone to spontaneous generation of free radicals by itself at elevated 
temperatures without any chemical initiators. Two most famous: Mayo and Flory 
mechanisms are presented in Fig. 8. 

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31 
In the Mayo mechanism, the polymerization is initiated by Diels-Alder 
dimerization of styrene. Because of homolysis between the dimer (AH) and a third styrene, 
monoradicals A• and HM• are generated. HM• initiates the polymerization. 
In Flory's interpretation, styrene dimerizes to 1,4-diradical (M2). A third styrene 
abstracts a hydrogen atom from the diradical and monoradical initiators are formed.
In both: Mayo and Flory mechanisms the diradicals may form 1,2-diphenylocyclobutane 
(DCB) which is not capable of initiating polymerization, or AH dimer, what leads to Diels-
Alder cycloadduct production and in turn initiates the polymerization reaction [61]. 
The further steps of polymerization following initiation, are propagation and 
termination. Propagation of polymeric chain can be schematically described as: