Funding
Changes in technologies and markets may also have an impact on the funding of universal service. It
may be important to ensure a more equitable sharing of the costs of providing universal service. Current
funding arrangements for USO may, in general, be unsuitable for broadband and a NGN environment.
Traditional operators may need to be cushioned against the effect of unpredictable revenues resulting from
the transition to NGN which may require that governments consider funding USO from a wider economic
base. This could include, for example, funding from general taxation revenues. Solutions should consider
that the digital divide is a multifaceted problem, and policy makers should work to develop a multi-level
approach to bridging it, especially in the new converged environment. Such problems range from scarcity
of physical infrastructure and telecommunications investment and difficult topography, to low population
densities.
Technological innovations have already started to transform the way universal access is being
extended to rural and remote areas. In some countries, mobile technologies have been instrumental in
extending access to communication services to disadvantaged parts of the population. In developing and
least developed countries, the rapid expansion of mobile networks increased the availability of services,
allowing regions access to basic phone services not previously reached by the PSTN. In many cases, the
extension of mobile networks did not have to be supported by subsidies. Mobile technologies may offer
access to data services at speeds that – though not similar to fixed broadband technologies – provide a wide
national coverage. However, high prices for data access and bit caps, which are, at times, quite restrictive,
has meant that mobile broadband access technologies are still far from being a substitute for fixed
broadband access technologies, although some operators are now offering flat rate data pricing. New
technologies, such as WiMAX, have the potential to complement fixed broadband access technologies and
provide access in rural and remote areas where it is not economically feasible to invest in fibre networks.
The need for subsidies to support these technologies is likely to depend on the specificities within each
country. A technology–neutral approach to universal service allows the flexibility necessary for the most
competitive and effective technology available to address the challenge of universal service, as well as
allowing for the different relative costs of different technologies to be taken into account.
An example of providing connectivity to a small community in a remote area not reached by DSL,
cable or fibre networks is shown in Box 5.
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
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