of network connection – increasingly they provide multiple communication functions and applications.
The process towards convergence has been based on an evolution of technologies and business models, rather than
- The necessity for traditional operators to co-operate with companies previously in other fields.
As a result, convergence touches not only the telecommunication sector, but involves a wider range of activities at
different levels, including the manufacturer of terminal equipment, software developers, media content providers, ISPs,
thanks to the digitalisation of content, the emergence of IP, and the adoption of high-speed broadband.
Traditional services such as voice and video are increasingly delivered over IP networks and the
development of new platforms is facilitating the provision of converged services (Table 1). These
converged services are appearing in markets as "triple" or "quadruple" play offers which provide data,
The process of convergence has also been facilitated by the opening up of telecommunication markets
to competition. Although large telecommunication operators have played a role in the process of
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
8
convergence, new market players have moved rapidly, and often in an unpredictable way, adopting
different market models from traditional telecommunication firms. Voice over IP is a clear example of
such services, disrupting traditional markets, pushing towards adoption of next generation networks and
facilitating convergence. Internet service providers started offering VoIP as a cheaper way to
communicate over the Internet. Services were offered on a “best-effort” basis by third parties, over any
Internet connection. Today the market for VoIP services is varied, with network access operators providing
VoIP as a replacement for PSTN voice telephony, often guaranteeing access to emergency services, or a
certain QoS. Internet service providers continue to offer access to VoIP services from multiple platforms
and from anywhere in the world. Mobile VoIP is also emerging, both as a service provided by the network
operator or as an application that can be downloaded on any Wi-Fi enabled handset. Initiatives, such as
Google’s ‘Android’, are likely to put pressure on existing mobile operators to charge flat rates for mobile
Internet access, thus eventually increasing the degree of substitutability between mobile and fixed Internet
access (in terms of price rather than speed).
1
On the content side increasing competition is taking place between network access operators,
including wireless, cable or satellites, all offering video, music, or other content to their users. A growing
number of operators are also focusing on mobile content, in particular on the possibility to download
music, or access applications and online services from a mobile device. The possibility to provide video
content over IP is often seen as a new way to propose content to users, and as an opportunity for network
operators to enlarge the range of services they offer to their customers. Content services, especially those
over managed IP networks, have still not exploited their full potential. In most cases, access to content is
offered in a form very similar to traditional broadcasting, with defined timetables, geographical
distribution, rigid copyright schemes, a very low degree of interactivity, and a traditional billing scheme
although a number of operators are now beginning to offer more flexible programming with video on
demand and distribution of video content from popular Internet sites. Changes are often taking place as a
result of an increasing number of users creating and exchanging their own content on a multiplicity of
devices, which imply a shift away from simple passive consumption of broadcasting and other mass
distribution models towards more active choosing, interacting, the creation of content, and the emergence
of a participatory culture.
2
These developments also increase the need to communicate, and the demand for
symmetric communications.
With the growing offers from access platforms, and the different types of video services and
applications available – digital terrestrial, IPTV, HDTV, Video on Demand, but also disruptive
applications such as Joost
3
or Sling box
4
– the concept of “social value” of terrestrial broadcasting may
become weaker, while the impact of these new services remains to be assessed.
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