166
Figure 110.
Visualized at 500x with a scanning electron microscope, several stomata are clearly visible on
(a) the surface of this sumac (
Rhus glabra
) leaf. At 5,000x magnification, the guard cells of (b) a single
stoma from lyre-leaved sand cress (
Arabidopsis lyrata)
have the appearance of lips that surround the
opening. In this (c) light micrograph cross-section of an
A. lyrata
leaf, the guard cell pair is visible along
with the large, sub-stomatal air space in the leaf
82
.
In plants that grow in extremely hot or extremely cold environments, the epidermis may be
several layers thick to guard against excessive water loss from transpiration.
The epidermis is
typically one cell layer thick. All plant species have a waxy layer on their leaves called the
cuticle
.
Water loss from the surface of leaves is slowed down by the cuticle. On the leaf surface of other
leaves, there might be tiny hairs (trichomes). By limiting insect movement or storing poisonous or
unappealing
substances, trichomes aid in the prevention of herbivory.
They can also slow
transpiration by obstructing airflow across the leaf surface (Figure 111).
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