182
Most animals,
including insects, spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, centipedes, and
crustaceans, have an exoskeleton. Over 30 million species of insects alone are thought to exist on our
planet, according to scientists. For land animals, the exoskeleton, which is a hard covering or shell,
offers benefits such as defense against predator injury and water loss, as well as places for muscle
attachments.
The exoskeleton, which serves as an arthropod's tough and resilient outer shell, is frequently
biomineralized using substances like calcium carbonate and may be made of a tough polymer like
chitin. The epidermis of the animal is fused to this. Ingrowths of the exoskeleton, called
apodemes
,
function as attachment sites for muscles, similar to tendons in more advanced animals (Figure 124).
The animal must first synthesize a new exoskeleton beneath the existing one in order to grow, and
then it must molt or shed the old one. This prevents the animal from growing continuously and, if
molting doesn't
take place at the right time, it might prevent an individual from maturing. To
accommodate any weight gain, the exoskeleton's thickness must be significantly increased.
According
to estimates, a body's weight increases by an eight-fold factor for every time its size
doubles. Most animals with an exoskeleton are relatively small in size due to the increasing thickness
of chitin required to support this weight. Endoskeletons function according to the same principles,
but are more effective because muscles are externally attached, making it simpler to make up for an
increase in mass.
Dostları ilə paylaş: