117
example, in Figure 72., the branch point that gives rise to the mammal and reptile lineage from the
frog lineage shows the origin of the amniotic egg character. Also the branch point that gives rise to
organisms with legs is indicated at the common ancestor of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and jawed
fishes.
Figure 72.
This phylogenetic tree has an organism without a vertebral column as its root.
Organisms with
various characteristics are grouped at each branch point
47
.
5.1 Reading Resource #3
: Building Phylogenetic Trees
How do scientists construct phylogenetic trees?
Presently, the most accepted method for
constructing phylogenetic
trees is a method called
cladistics
. This method sorts organisms into
clades
, groups of organisms that are most closely related to each other and the ancestor from which
they descended. For example, in Figure 73, all the organisms in the shaded region evolved from a
single ancestor that had amniotic eggs.As a result, all of these organisms belong to a single clade,
also known as a
monophyletic group
, and all of them have amniotic eggs. Clades must contain both
the ancestors and all offspring from a branch point.
47
Fowler, S.,Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2017)
Concepts in Biology,
Chapter 12, -Pp. p278-279 OpenStax,
https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology
118
Figure 73.
All living things share
a common ancestor with lizards, rabbits, and humans, in which the
amniotic egg evolved. Thus, the clade
Amniota includes lizards, rabbits, and humans. A larger clade known
as vertebrata includes fish and lamprey.
Which animals in this figure belong to a clade that includes animals with hair? Which evolved first:
hair or the amniotic egg?
Depending
on the referenced branch point, clades can range in size. The crucial aspect is that
every organism in the clade or monophyletic group descended from the same location on the tree.
This is easy to remember because monophyletic is made up of the words "mono," which
means one,
and "phyletic," which means evolutionary relationship.
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