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Cells fall into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The predominantly single-
celled organisms of the domains
Bacteria
and
Archaea
are classified as
prokaryotes
(
pro
= before; -
karyon
=
nucleus). Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists are e
ukaryotes
(
eu
= true).
All cells share four common components:
1)
a plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the
cell’s interior from its surrounding environment;
2)
cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell
in which other cellular components are found;
3)
DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and
4)
ribosomes,
particles that synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotic cells in several ways.
A
prokaryotic cell
is a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other
membrane-bound organelle. Soon, it will become clear that this is very different in eukaryotes. The
nucleoid
,
a dark area in the center of the cell, is where prokaryotic DNA is located.
Figure 20.
The generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell is depicted
.
Eukaryotic Cells
As we examine eukaryotic cells, it will become clear that in nature, the relationship between form and
function is visible at all levels, including the level of the cell. There are many situations where the adage "form
follows function" applies. For instance, the streamlined bodies of fish and birds enable them to move swiftly
through the water or air in which they live. Because the two are matched, it means that, in general, one can
determine the function of a structure by looking at its form.
A membrane-bound nucleus and other compartments or sacs, known as organelles, with specific
functions are characteristics of eukaryotic cells. The term "eukaryotic" refers to cells that have a membrane-
bound nucleus, and the word itself means "true kernel" or "true nucleus". The word “organelle” means “little
organ,” and, as already mentioned, organelles have specialized cellular functions, just as the organs of your
body have specialized functions

.
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