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In E. coli, there are 200,000 ribosomes present in every cell at any given time. A ribosome is a complex
macromolecule composed of structural and catalytic rRNAs, and many distinct polypeptides. In eukaryotes,
the nucleolus is completely specialized for the synthesis and assembly of
rRNAs
.
Ribosomes are in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum of
eukaryotes. Ribosomes are made up of a large and a small subunit that come together for translation. The small
subunit is responsible for binding the mRNA template, whereas the large subunit sequentially binds
tRNAs
, a
type of RNA molecule that transports amino acids along the polypeptide chain as it grows. Many ribosomes
translate each mRNA molecule at the same time, all synthesizing protein in the same direction.
Depending on the species, 40 to 60 types of tRNA exist in the cytoplasm. Serving as adaptors, specific
tRNAs bind to sequences on the mRNA template and add the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide
chain. Therefore, tRNAs are the molecules that actually “translate” the language of RNA into the language of
proteins. Each tRNA must be bonded to its specific amino acid in order to function. Each tRNA molecule is
bonded to its correct amino acid during the "charging" process.
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