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•
Student will organize information using a variety of graphic organizers according to content-
specific expectations (e.g., Steps of The Scientific Method).
4.1 Reading Resources
#1 Chemical Evolution
#2 The First Cellular Organism
#3 Earth History in Eras
A.
Warm-Up
Talk about the issues with a partner.
1)
What is evolution?
2)
How did life evolve on Earth?
3)
What were the reasons for the appearance of life on Earth?
4)
What are the first organisms that appeared on Earth?
4.1 Reading Resource #1
:
Chemical Evolution
Geologists believe the Earth is about 4.6 billion years old. Carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor H2O,
carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen N2 were all detected in the early Earth's atmosphere. Ammonia NH3,
hydrogen sulfide H2S, and methane CH4 could also have been present. The early
atmosphere most likely had
little
or no free oxygen O
2
.
Organic molecules appeared first on primitive Earth. Because organic
molecules are the building
blocks
of organisms, it is reasonable to consider how they came to be. The prebiotic
soup hypothesis proposes
that organic precursors formed near the Earth's surface, whereas the iron-sulfur world hypothesis proposes that
organic precursors formed at cracks in the ocean's floor.
The Miller-Urey experiment (or Urey-Miller experiment) used a form
of energy to create organic
compounds from inorganic compounds.
The goal was to recreate hypothetical conditions thought to have existed on the early Earth (Hadean or
early Archaean). It was a test of life's chemical origins. The experiment specifically tested Alexander Oparin’s
and J.B.S. Haldane’s hypothesis that primitive Earth conditions favored chemical reactions that synthesized
organic compounds from inorganic precursors. It was conducted in 1952 and published in 1953 by Stanley
Miller and Harold Urey at the University of Chicago as the classic experiment on the origin of life. They
subjected an atmosphere rich in H
2
O, CH
4
, NH
3
, and H
2
to a lightning-like electric discharge. Their analysis of
the chemicals produced over a week revealed the formation of amino acids and other organic molecules.
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Figure 54.
Miller-Urey experiment
It is difficult to test the iron-sulfur world hypothesis at hydrothermal vents, but laboratory experiments
simulating the high pressures and temperatures at the vents have yielded intriguing results.
Iron and nickel
sulfides, for example, catalyze reactions between carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide, resulting in acetic
acid and other simple organic compounds.
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