List of used literature: Odum, E. P.; Barrett, G. W. (2005). Fundamentals of Ecology. Brooks Cole. p. 598. ISBN 978-0-534-42066-6. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
Steward T.A. Pickett; Jurek Kolasa; Clive G. Jones (1994). Ecological Understanding: The Nature of Theory and the Theory of Nature. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-554720-8.
Jump up to:a b O'Neill, D. L.; Deangelis, D. L.; Waide, J. B.; Allen, T. F. H. (1986). A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-691-08436-X.
Nachtomy, Ohad; Shavit, Ayelet; Smith, Justin (2002). "Leibnizian organisms, nested individuals, and units of selection". Theory in Biosciences. 121 (2): 205–230. doi:10.1007/s12064-002-0020-9. S2CID 23760946.
Jump up to:a b Holling, C. S. (2004). "Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems". Ecosystems. 4 (5): 390–405. doi:10.1007/s10021-001-0101-5. S2CID 7432683.
Levin, S. A. (1999). Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons. Reading, MA: Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-7382-0319-5. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Noss, R. F.; Carpenter, A. Y. (1994). Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Island Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-1-55963-248-5. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2015.