' Salty' rice plant boosts harvests British scientists are breeding a
new generation of rice plants that
will be able to grow in soil
contaminated with salt water.
Their work may enable abandoned
farms to become productive once
more, writes Sean Margrave. Tim Flowers and Tony Yeo, from
Sussex University's School of
Biological Sciences, have spent
several years researching how crops,
such as rice, could be made to grow
in water that has become salty.
The pair have recently begun a
three-year programme, funded by
the Biotechnology and Biological
Sciences Research Council, to
establish which genes enable some
plants to survive saline conditions.
The aim is to breed this capability
into crops, starting with rice.
It is estimated that each year
more than 10m hectares of
agricultural land are lost because
salt gets into the soil and stunts
plants. The problem is caused by
several factors. In the tropics,
mangroves that create swamps and
traditionally form barriers to sea
water have been cut down. In the
Mediterranean, a series of droughts
have caused the water table to drop,
allowing sea water to seep in. In
Latin America, irrigation often
causes problems when water is
evaporated by the heat, leaving salt
deposits behind
Excess salt then enters me plants
and prevents them functioning
normally, Heavy concentrations of
minerals in the plants curb the
process of osmosis and stop them
drawing up the water they need to
survive.
To overcome these problems,
Flowers and Yeo decided to breed
rice plants that take in very little salt
and store what they do absorb in
cells that do not affect the plant's
growth. They have started to breed
these characteristics into a new rice
crop, but it will take about eight
harvests until the resulting seeds
are ready to be considered for
commercial use.
Once the characteristics for
surviving salty soil are known,
Flowers and Yeo will try to breed the
appropriate genes into a l l manner
of crops and plants. Land that has
been abandoned to nature will then
be able to bloom again, providing
much needed food in the poorer
countries of the world.
Now look at the notes in the IELTS activity on the next page.