Fergana polytechnic insitute mechanical engineering faculty department of mechanical engineering and automation



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Annealing 
consists of heating the workpiece or workpiece to the required 
temperature , holding it at this temperature, and then slowly cooling it : carbon 


120 
steels at 200°C per hour, and alloy steels at a rate of 30-100°C per hour. is cooled. 
In this case, a solid structure is obtained without any gaps . 
purpose of softening is to remove internal stresses, achieve uniformity of structure , 
improve workability, and prepare for the next heat treatment operation. 
Normalization 
is 30-50 ° C from the critical points Ac 

and As 
m
heating to 
a higher temperature, holding at this temperature, and cooling in still air are referred 
to. During normalization, internal stresses are reduced, steel is crystallized, and 
the large-particle structure of welds, castings, and forgings is crushed. 
increase the hardness, strength and elasticity of steel . 
Forging 
is the process of heating steel to a temperature above the phase 
transition , holding it at that temperature, and then rapidly cooling it. 
Annealing 
is the final operation of heat treatment, which consists of heating 
the steel from the critical point (Ac 

) to a low temperature , holding it at this 
temperature, and cooling it slowly or rapidly. The purpose of exercise is to remove 
or lose weight in the body , increase the strength of the muscles , and reduce the 
stiffness . 
Chemical-thermal treatment 
refers to the treatment associated with the 
process of combined thermal and chemical effects on metals and alloys in order to 
change the chemical composition, structure and properties of the surface layer of 
metals and alloys. 
Thermomechanical treatment 
is a new strengthening method that combines 
strengthening heat treatment (forging, tempering) with plastic deformation, while 
maintaining the plasticity of steel . During thermomechanical processing , the steel 
is deformed to the state of austenite , then it is quickly cooled and a hardened steel 
structure (martensite) is formed , in which the state of austenite refinement occurs , 
in this regard, the mechanical properties of the steel increase . 


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