37
According to Vickers method-H
v
and microhardness
is determined by N
m
. For
example, NV 300, HRC 60.
In the Brinell method, a ball pressed
onto the surface of the sample, in the
Rockwell
method - a diamond cone, a pressed ball (d=1.588 mm), in the Vickers
method - a four-sided diamond thermistor is immersed with a certain force.
Figure 3.2. Hardness measurement schemes:
a-Britzel method; b-Rockwell method; v- Vickers method.
There is a relationship between the hardness and strength of metals as follows:
v
= S * NV;
here "S" is the
coefficient of proportionality, for steels S=0.33-0.36.
Such a connection is not made from fragile materials.
When measuring hardness, the plasticity of the metal cannot be known , which
is a disadvantage of this method.
For the materials of some machine parts, their
physical properties
are also of
great importance: behavior of the material in magnetic field, electric field, heat flow,
resistance to radiation. So, the physical properties are magnetic,
electric,
thermophysical and radiation properties.
The physical properties of metals and alloys also include:
A) Density - specific gravity.
g =
V
G
Mn/m
3
(
g/m
3
)
G-
body weight, Mn (g)
V-volume, m
3
(cm
3
).
38
B) Expansion coefficient:
t
l
l
m. grad (mm.grad)
l
increase in metal length. (m. degree)
proportionality coefficient.
l
length before being traced
t
temperature increase. (
0
C)
C) Heat capacity .
C
kj/kg gr a d (cal/g. gr a d)
C is
0
the amount of heat required to heat 1 kg of metal by 1 C.
G) Relative thermal conductivity.
This metal is 1cm apart and each face is 1cm
2
The amount of heat transferred
between two areas in 1 second.
)
1
(
0
1
t
w/m gr a d.
1
thermal conductivity of the metal at
t S.
0
0
thermal conductivity of this metal at normal temperature.
temperature coefficient.
t
temperature.
D) Comparative el ek tr resistance.
s
l
r
om.m
specific
electrical resistance, ohm.m
r
e
electric resistance, om.
s
conductor cross section, m
2
l
length of the conductor, m.
In technology, more often, electrical conductivity is used:
p
1
;
Among
the technological properties, the main place is occupied
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