144
If the number of degrees of freedom is equal to one (multivariate), the number
of system phases does not change when one of the above factors is changed within
a certain limit.
The mathematical expression of the law of phases when applied to metal alloys
at constant pressure is:
1
f
K
C
C – number of degrees of freedom, K – number
of components,
f
number of
phases.
As an example, let's consider how the degrees of freedom of a one-component
system change for the crystallinity of a pure metal (K=1). Figure 1 shows the
crystallization process of a pure metal. At temperature t
1
, the metal is in a liquid
state, i.e. (
1
f
) is a single phase.
1
1
1
1
1
'
f
K
C
1
C
So, one of the
parameters can change while the number of phases does not change, and a change
in temperature does not change the number of phases.
Using the number of phases ( ) at the temperature of crystallization shows that
two phases (liquid and solid) are in equilibrium at a fixed temperature (t
2
f
2
).
Therefore, the temperature can change until one of the phases disappears, until the
system becomes monovariant.
Iron
The melting temperature of iron is 1539
O
K
5
O
C.
Iron can exist in two
allotroic modifications in the solid state:
- iron (Fe
) crystal lattice side-centered
cube,
- iron (Fe
) crystal lattice volume-centered cube.
911
o
C
, iron
changes to iron, and at 1401
o
C ,
iron
changes to iron,
which
is different from low temperature iron and
is called iron. Such transitions
are explained by changes in the free energy of iron depending on the temperature
.
Figure
12 shows the variation of the free energy of
iron modification
depending on the temperature. Figure 1 shows that in the temperature range of 911
o
C - 1401
o
C Fe
the free energy of Fe
less than Therefore, in this temperature
range, Fe
will be available.
145
Cementite
Cementite - Fe
3
C (iron carbide) - is a chemical combination of iron and carbon.
The melting temperature of cementite is about 1600
o
C. Cementite is very hard, with
a hardness of about 800HB, and plasticity is practically zero. Cementite is not a
stable
compound, it decomposes under certain conditions and separates into iron
with free carbon in the form of graphite:
C
Fe
C
Fe
3
3
Determination and determination of the structural structure of iron-carbon
alloys
Austenite (A) is a solid solution of iron with
a maximum carbon content of
2.14% at a temperature of 1130
o C.
Austenite is a face-centered cubic crystal lattice
(K 12).
is a solid solution of iron with a maximum carbon content of 0.025% at 723
o
C and 0.01% C at room temperature .
The crystal lattice of ferrite is a size-centered
cube (K 8).
pearlite (p) is a eutectoid mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite. perlite
contains 0.8% carbon. It is formed from austenite at a temperature of 723
o
C as a
result of eutectoid reaction (A
e
F
r +I).
Ledeburite (L) is a eutectoid mechanical mixture of austenite and cementite.
Ledeburite contains 4.3% carbon at a temperature of 1180
o
K
As
A
E
+S is formed as a result of eutectic reaction. In primary cementite (S
I
) crystallization, Ac (liquidus) separates from the liquid phase below the line (Fig.
1).
146
Figure 1. Iron carbon phase diagram
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