G‘apporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi

Have you ever been
to
India?
Siz Hindistonda (biror vaqt)
bo‘lganmisiz?
I have already read this book.
Men bu kitobni allaqachon o‘qi-
ganman.
I haven’t received any letters from
him lately.
Men yaqin orada undan birorta
xat olganim yo‘q.
I have just seen him.
Men uni hozirgina ko‘rdim.
Izoh: just now hozirgina ravishi bilan Simple Past ishlatiladi: I saw him just now. Men
uni hozirgina ko‘rdim.
4. Hali tugamagan vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari – today bugun, this week shu 
hafta, this month shu oy, this year bu yil bilan Present Perfect ishlatiladi:
Have you read the newspaper to-
day?
Bugun gazetani o‘qidingizmi?
He has not received any letters from
Tom this week.
U bu hafta Tomdan hech qanday
xat olgani yo‘q.
Izoh: today, this week, this month kabi hali tugamagan vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari mavjud
bo‘lgan gaplarda bugunning, shu haftaning, shu oyning ma’lum bo‘lagi ko‘zda tutilganda
Simple Past ishlatiladi:
I got up early today.
Men bugun erta turdim.
He was late for the lecture today.
U bugun ma’ruzaga kech qoldi.
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93
5. Present Perfect since (biror vaqtdan hozirgacha) predlogi bilan ish-

latiladi:
I haven’t heard from him since
June.
Men iyundan buyon u haqda
eshit ganim yo‘q.
He has known Mr. Bell since 1998.
U mister Bellni 1998-yildan
buyon taniydi (biladi).
Since bog‘lovchisi bilan bog‘langan qo‘shma gapning bosh gapida
Present Perfect, ergash gapida Simple Past ishlatiladi:
I have only received two letters
from him since I came back from
London.
Men Londondan qaytib kelga-
nimdan buyon undan faqat ik-
kita xat oldim.
I haven’t heard from him since he
left Tashkent.
U Toshkentdan ketganidan bu-
yon u haqda eshitganim yo‘q.
Since ravishi bo‘lgan gapda ham Present Perfect ishlatiladi:
He left Tashkent in 1998, and I haven’t seen him since.
6. Davom zamonda ishlatilmaydigan fe’llar bilan Present Perfect 
Continuous o‘rnida Present Perfect ishlatiladi:
He has been here since two
o’clock.
U soat ikkidan buyon shu yerda.
I have known him for three years.
Men uni uch yil (davomida) ta-
niyman.
Ba’zi fe’llar bilan ham Present Perfect ham Present Perfect Continuous
ishlatilishi mumkin:
I have lived in London for fi ve years
(yoki: I have been living in London
for fi ve years).
Men Londonda besh yil yasha-
yapman.
7. after, when, as soon as, until (till), if bog‘lovchilari bilan bog‘lan gan
payt va shart ergash gaplarda Future Perfect o‘rnida Present Perfect ish-
latiladi:
I shall go to the country as soon as I 
have passed my examinations.
Men imtihonlarimni topshirgach
qishloqqa boraman.
I’ll give you the book after I have 
read it.
Men kitobni o‘qib bo‘lganimdan
keyin uni sizga beraman.
We shall start at fi ve o’clock if it has 
stopped raining by that time.
Agar yomg‘ir to‘xtasa, biz besh-
da jo‘naymiz.
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94
The Past Perfect Tense

O‘tgan tugallangan zamonning yasalishi
1. Past Perfect to have fe’lining o‘tgan zamon shakli had va asosiy
fe’lning o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi (Past Participle) shakli yordamida
yasaladi:
Ega + had + P.P.
I had worked, he had worked.
2. Past Perfectning bo‘lishsiz shaklini yasash uchun had yordamchi
fe’lidan keyin not inkor yuklamasini qo‘yamiz:
Ega + had + not + P.P.
I had not worked, he had not worked.
3. Past Perfectning so‘roq shaklini yasash uchun had yordamchi fe’lini
eganing oldiga o‘tkazamiz: