G‘apporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi

am
is 
are + to + V
was
were
 Bu yerda: V = fe’lning asosiy shakli.
To bening hozirgi zamondagi shakllari am, is, are kerak deb tarjima 
qilinadi va hozirgi yoki kelasi zamondagi zaruratni ifodalaydi:
They are to begin this work at 
once.
Ular bu ishni darhol boshlashlari 
kerak.
He is to come here tomorrow.
U bu yerga ertaga kelishi kerak.

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9
To bening o‘tgan zamondagi shakllari was, were Simple Infi nitive bilan 
kelganda kerak edi deb tarjima qilinadi va ish-harakatni o‘tgan zamonda 
bajarish zaruratini ifodalaydi. Bu birikma shu ish-harakatning bajarilgan-
bajarilmaganligiga aniqlik kiritmaydi va bu butun gapdan ma’lum bo‘lishi 
mumkin: 
I was to send him a telegram, 
but I forgot.
Men unga telegramma yubo ri shim 
kerak edi, lekin unutibman.
The goods were to be delivered 
at the end of the month.
Mollar oyning oxirida yetkazib be-
rilishi kerak edi.
Was, were Perfect Infi nitive bilan kelganda o‘tgan zamonda bajarili shi 
kerak bo‘lgan, lekin bajarilmagan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:
Was 
+ to + have + P.P.
 
Were
Bu yerda:
P. P. = Past Particiciple = O‘tgan 
zamon sifatdoshi.
I was to have fi nished my 
work yesterday.
Men ishimni kecha tugatishim kerak 
edi.
Kelasi zamonda to be zaruratni ifodalash uchun ishlatilmaydi.
Izoh: To bedan keyin majhul nisbatning infi nitivi kelib, zaruratdan tashqari ehtimol likni 
ham ifodalashi mumkin. 
Such books are to be found in all 
libraries.
Bunday kitoblar barcha kutubxonalardan 
topilishi mumkin.
Many new beautiful buildings are to be