Chekka dengiz — m ateriklarning chek
ka qismlarida joylashgan dengizlar.
Cho‘kindi jinslar - dengiz, okean, daryo
va past yerlarda suv keltirib yotqizgan
tog‘ jinslari. Masalan, shag‘al, gil, loyqa,
qum, tuzlar, organik qoldiqlar.
Cho‘l — iqlimi issiq, yog‘in kam o‘lka-
larda vujudga keladigan tabiat kompleksi,
zonasi.
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M U N D A R IJA
D arslik bilan q an d ay ishlash k e r a k ? ................................................................ 3
I bob. G eografiya fani va uning riv o jla n ish i...................................................4
1- §. Kirish. G eograf iya nimani o ‘rg a n a d i? ..........................................4
2- §. Geografik kashfiyotlar va hozirgi zamon geografiyasi................. 7
i i bob. Yer — Quyosh sistem asidagi sayyora ................................................ 11
3- §. Quyosh, Oy va y u ld u z la r.................................................................. 11
4-§. Yerning shakli va o ‘lcham lari........................................................... 16
5-.§. Yerning o ‘z o ‘qi va Quyosh atrofida a y la n is h i.......................... 19
III bob. g e o g ra fik x a r i t a l a r ............................................................................... 23
6- §. Azimut va masofani o ‘l c h a s h ......................................................... 23
7- §. Joy b a la n d lig i......................................................................................27
8-§. M a ssh ta b .............................................................................................. 30
9-.§. Amaliy m ashg‘u l o t ............................................................................. 32
10- §. Geografik x a r ita la r ...........................................................................33
11- §. Geografik koordinatalar.................................................................... 38
12-§. Amaliy m ashg‘u lo t............................................................................. 41
i v bob. y e rn in g q a ttiq qobig‘i — lito s fe ra .....................................................43
13-.§. Yerning ichki tu zilish i...................................................................... 43
14- §. Litosfera. Tog‘ jinslari...................................................................... 45
15- §. Yer po‘stining h arak atlari................................................................51
16- §. Yer yuzasi relyefining asosiy shakllari..........................................55
v .bob. y e rn in g suv qobig‘i — g id r o s f e r a ....................................................... 59
17- §. Gidrosferaning tarkibi. Dunyo o k e a n i..........................................59
18- §. D aryolar.............................................................................................. 63
19- §. K o‘l va muzliklar. Yer osti s u v la r i.............................................. 66
20- §. Umumlashtiruvchi tak ro rla sh ......................................................... 71
v i bob. y e rn in g havo qobig‘i — a tm o s f e r a ...................................................73
21- §. Atmosferaning tuzilishi.................................................................... 73
22- §. Havo harorati va b o s im i................................................................75
23- §. Amaliy m ashg‘u l o t ...........................................................................79
24- §. Sham ol.................................................................................................80
25- §. Havoning namligi va yog‘in la r .....................................................84
26- §. Amaliy m ashg‘u l o t ...........................................................................88
27-§. Ob-havo va iq lim .............................................................................90
v i i bob. Biosfera. inson va t a b i a t .................................................................... 94
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28- §. Yerning hayot qobig‘i — b io s f e ra ................................................ 94
29- §. Tabiat zonalari....................................................................................96
30- §. Umumlashtiruvchi tak ro rla sh ......................................................... 100
M ustaqil o‘qish u c h u n .......................................................................................... 102
Inson va t a b i a t ............................................................................................ 102
Term in va tu sh u n c h a larn in g izohli lug‘a t i ..........................................104
d&L Oedurtm-uz Ta'lim Markazi