Hukm – jismlar va hodisalar o‘rtasidagi aloqani aks ettiruvchi tafakkur shakli; tafakkurning qaysi shakli ta induktiv, deduktiv va analogiya turlarga bo’linadi. Xulosa chiqarish

2. Psixologiya fanining taraqqiyot tarixi va rivojlanish bosqichi. Mavusidan test
23.Tafakkur turlari va shakllari. Mavzusida krasvord
1) Hukm – jismlar va hodisalar o‘rtasidagi aloqani aks ettiruvchi tafakkur shakli;
2) Tafakkurning qaysi shakli 3 ta induktiv, deduktiv va analogiya turlarga bo’linadi. Xulosa chiqarish
3) Deduksiya – bu umumiy mulohazalardan xususiy mulohazalar keltirib chiqarish, umumiy qonunlar va qoidalar asosida ayrim dalillar va hodisalarni bilish
4) Tafakkurning aqliy jarayonni natijasi hisoblangan uch xil shakli mavjud ulardan birini ayting: tushuncha
5) Tafakkurning qaysi turi atrofimizdagi olamni aniq va sub’ektiv aks ettirish imkonini beradi. Obrazli
6) Bir yoki bir necha hukmlardan yangi hukm yuzaga keladigan tafakkur shakli nima deb ataladi. Xulosa
7)……..– bu xususiy xulosalardan umumiy xulosalarni keltirib chiqarish, ayrim dalillar va hodisalarni o‘rganish asosida umumiy qoidalar va qonunlar o‘rnatish usuli. Bu tarif qaysi atamaga tegishli. Induksiya
Diqqat haqida


Universitet Fan nomi: Umumiy psixologiya Mavzu: Diqqatning psixologik mohiyati va uning xossalari Shiryaevskaya Irina Nikolaevna Kirish 1-bob Diqqat tushunchasi va mohiyati 1 Diqqatning mohiyati 2 Diqqatning nazariyalari va fiziologik asoslari 3 Diqqatning asosiy psixologik nazariyalari Diqqatning 4 turi 2-bob Diqqatning xususiyatlari 1 Barqarorlik 2 Konsentratsiya 3 Tarqatish 4 O'zgartirish imkoniyati Xulosa Lug'at Kirish Diqqat inson hayotida katta ahamiyatga ega. Har qanday faoliyatni amalga oshirish uchun zaruriy shartdir. Bu bizning barcha aqliy jarayonlarimizni to'liq bajaradigan diqqat; faqat diqqat atrofimizdagi dunyoni idrok etish imkonini beradi. Ammo e'tibor faqat muvaffaqiyatli faoliyat uchun shart emas. Shuningdek, u shaxsiyatning umumiy tuzilishi, insonning ijtimoiy yo'nalishi haqida ko'p narsalarni aytishi mumkin. Diqqat muammosi an'anaviy ravishda ilmiy psixologiyaning eng muhim va murakkab muammolaridan biri hisoblanadi. Diqqat muammolarini o'rganishda turli psixologlar ishtirok etdilar, bular, masalan, A.R.Luriya, S.L.Rubinshteyn, L.S. Vygotskiy, A. N. Leontiev va boshqa ko'plab psixologlar. Ularning barchasi, shubhasiz, aqliy jarayon sifatida diqqat haqidagi ta'limotga ulkan hissa qo'shgan. E'tibor deganda, biz kerakli ma'lumotlarni tanlash, saylovoldi harakat dasturlarini ta'minlash va ularning borishi ustidan doimiy nazoratni ta'minlashning maqsadli jarayonini tushunamiz. Bizning ongimizning tanlab olish jarayoni, xususan, hissiyotlarni idrok etishda ham, harakat jarayonlarida ham, fikrlashda ham inson faoliyatining tabiatini belgilaydi. Agar bunday selektivlik bo'lmaganida, barcha kiruvchi tanlanmagan ma'lumotlar shunchalik tezlikda to'planganki, biz uni idrok etishga vaqtimiz yo'q edi. Binobarin, hech qanday aqliy faoliyat mumkin emas, psixologik jarayonlar o'z ma'nosini yo'qotadi. Shuning uchun diqqatni jamlash uchun zarur bo'lgan jarayonlar va hodisalarni farqlash, diqqatning eng to'liq tuzilishini tashkil etuvchi shartlarni aqliy va psixologik faoliyat jarayoni sifatida ko'rib chiqish kerak. Shuning uchun men ushbu mavzu psixologiya uchun dolzarb deb hisoblayman, chunki diqqatni to'liq quvvat bilan ishlatish shartlarini to'liq tahlil qilish zarur. Yuqoridagilardan biz maqsadni shakllantirishimiz mumkin, ya'ni diqqat va xususiyatlarning asosiy turlarini o'rganish, ularning shaxs tomonidan ma'lumotni idrok etishga ta'sirini kuzatish. Maqsad muddatli ish muammolarning yechimini aniqladi: diqqatni aqliy jarayon sifatida ko'rib chiqish va tahlil qilish. fiziologik xususiyatlarni va diqqat asoslarini aniqlash. 1-bob. Diqqat tushunchasi va mohiyati 1 Diqqatning mohiyati Diqqat inson faoliyatining barcha turlari, birinchi navbatda, mehnat va ta'lim samaradorligining muhim va zarur shartidir. Ish qanchalik qiyin va mas'uliyatli bo'lsa, u shunchalik ko'p e'tibor talab qiladi. Ehtiyotkorlik inson uchun kundalik hayotida - kundalik hayotda, boshqa odamlar bilan muloqotda, sportda zarurdir. Talabalarning diqqat-e'tibori o'quv jarayonini muvaffaqiyatli tashkil etishning asosiy shartlaridan biridir. Buyuk rus o‘qituvchisi K. D. Ushinskiy o‘qitishda diqqatning rolini ta’kidlab, shunday yozgan edi: ... e'tibor - bu faqat tashqi dunyodan insonning ruhiga kiradigan hamma narsa o'tadigan eshikdir ... Ko'rinib turibdiki, bolalarni bu eshiklarni ochiq saqlashga o'rgatish birinchi navbatdagi masala bo'lib, uning muvaffaqiyati butun ta'limning muvaffaqiyatiga asoslanadi. Diqqat nima? Bu savolga javob berish uchun talaba nima qilayotganini tasavvur qiling Uy vazifasi matematika. U muammoni hal qilishda butunlay chuqur, diqqatini unga qaratadi, uning shartlarini o'ylaydi, bir hisobdan ikkinchisiga o'tadi. Ushbu epizodlarning har birini tavsiflab, shuni aytishimiz mumkinki, u o'z ishiga diqqat bilan qaraydi, u boshqalardan ajratib turadigan narsalarga e'tibor beradi. Bu barcha holatlarda uning aqliy faoliyati biror narsaga qaratilgan yoki biror narsaga qaratilgan deb aytishimiz mumkin. Aqliy faoliyatning ma'lum bir narsaga yo'naltirilishi va jamlanishi diqqat deyiladi. Kognitiv jarayonlarning borishining eng muhim xususiyati ularning selektiv, yo'naltirilganligidir. Atrofdagi dunyoning ko'plab ta'siridan odam doimo nimanidir idrok etadi, nimanidir ifodalaydi, aks ettiradi, nimadir haqida o'ylaydi. Ongning bu xususiyati uning diqqat kabi xususiyati bilan bog'liq. Kognitiv jarayonlardan farqli o'laroq, diqqat o'ziga xos tarkibga ega emas, u barcha kognitiv jarayonlarning dinamik tomonidir. Barcha bilish jarayonlari, xoh u idrok, xoh tafakkur, ularda aks ettirilgan u yoki bu ob'ektga qaratilgan: biz nimanidir idrok qilamiz, o'ylaymiz va nimanidir, biz nimanidir tasavvur qilamiz yoki tasavvur qilamiz. Shu bilan birga, u idrokni o'z-o'zidan idrok etmaydi va fikr bilan o'z-o'zidan o'ylamaydi; inson idrok qiladi va o'ylaydi - idrok qiluvchi va fikrlaydigan shaxs. Shuning uchun ham biz hozirgacha o‘rgangan jarayonlarning har birida shaxsning olamga, sub’ektning ob’ektga, ongning ob’ektga qandaydir munosabati doimo mavjud bo‘ladi. Bu munosabat e'tiborda o'z ifodasini topadi. Biz nafaqat eshitganimizda, balki tinglaganimizda yoki hatto tinglaganimizda, nafaqat ko'rganimizda, balki qaraganimizda yoki hatto tengdoshimiz bo'lganimizda, ya'ni ob'ektivni bilish yoki aks ettirish jarayonida bizning kognitiv faoliyatimizning faolligi ta'kidlanganda yoki kuchayganda diqqatli bo'lamiz. haqiqat. Diqqat, birinchi navbatda, kognitiv faoliyat kursining dinamik xarakteristikasi: u aqliy faoliyatning ma'lum bir ob'ekt bilan ustun bog'liqligini ifodalaydi, xuddi diqqat markazida bo'lgandek. Diqqat - bu ma'lum bir ob'ektga tanlab yo'naltirish va unga diqqatni jamlash, ob'ektga qaratilgan kognitiv faoliyatning chuqurligi. Shaxsning qiziqishlari va ehtiyojlari, munosabati va yo'nalishi doimo e'tibor orqasida. Ular ob'ektga munosabatning o'zgarishiga olib keladi. Ob'ektga bo'lgan munosabatning o'zgarishi esa diqqatda - bu ob'ekt qiyofasining o'zgarishida, ongning berilganligida ifodalanadi: u yanada aniqroq va aniqroq bo'ladi, go'yo yanada qavariq. Shunday qilib, diqqat boshqa jarayonlarda namoyon bo'ladigan o'ziga xos mazmunga ega bo'lmasa-da, lekin unda faoliyat va tasvir o'rtasidagi munosabatlar o'ziga xos tarzda ochiladi. Diqqatning o'zgarishi u qaratilgan tarkibning ravshanligi va aniqligining o'zgarishida ifodalanadi. kognitiv faoliyat. Diqqat faoliyat bilan chambarchas bog'liq. Birinchidan, xususan, filogenetik rivojlanishning dastlabki bosqichlarida u bevosita amaliy faoliyatga, xulq-atvorga kiradi. Diqqat birinchi navbatda hushyorlik, hushyorlik, birinchi signalda harakatga tayyorlik, bu signalni harakat manfaati yo'lida idrok etishga safarbarlik sifatida yuzaga keladi. Shu bilan birga, ushbu dastlabki bosqichlarda e'tibor ham harakatga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun xizmat qiladigan letargiyani anglatadi. Diqqat, uning mavjudligi yoki yo'qligi haqida faqat biron bir faoliyat turiga nisbatan gapirish mumkin - amaliy yoki nazariy. Inson o'z fikrlarining yo'nalishi uning faoliyati yo'nalishi bilan tartibga solinsa, diqqatli bo'ladi va shuning uchun ikkala yo'nalish ham mos keladi. U inson hayoti va faoliyatida juda ko'p turli funktsiyalarni bajaradi. Keling, asosiylarini ko'rib chiqaylik. Diqqat ma'lum taassurotlar yoki fikrlarga qaratiladi va boshqa, hozirgi paytda keraksiz taassurot va fikrlardan chalg'itadi. Boshqacha aytganda, diqqat ishtirok etuvchi bilish jarayoni tanlab olish xususiyati bilan ajralib turadi, diqqat esa tanlash vazifasini bajaradi. Tanlovning ikki tomoni bor va ikkalasi ham diqqat ishida mujassamlangan. Tanlovning ijobiy tomoni - bu omon qolish uchun ham, bilish sub'ektining o'zi qo'ygan maqsadlarga erishish uchun ham zarur bo'lgan narsani tanlashdir. Salbiy tomoni - kerakli narsani idrok etish va tushunishga xalaqit beradigan keraksiz, keraksiz narsalarni tashlab yuborish. Diqqat "ongni jamlash" bilan bog'liq bo'lib, biz ma'lum vaqt davomida ongning "diqqat markazida" ushlab turishimiz va har tomondan o'rganishimiz mumkin bo'lgan bilimlarimiz mavzusiga diqqatni jamlash bilan bog'liq. Bu erda diqqat, aks holda boshqa, yangi va kuchli taassurotlar bilan almashtirilgan taassurotlarni yoki fikrlarni saqlab qolish funktsiyasini bajaradi. Diqqatni saqlash odatda sub'ektiv harakat tajribasi bilan birga keladi. Bu ikki funktsiya diqqatning ikki tomoniga, uning ikki tomoniga mos keladi, diqqatning turli hodisalarida namoyon bo'ladi: diqqatning tanlab olish tomoni tanlash funktsiyasi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, diqqat harakatlarining tanlanganligida namoyon bo'ladi; Diqqatning intensivlik jihati diqqatni ushlab turish funktsiyasi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, uning konsentratsiyasida va u bilan birga keladigan harakat tajribasida namoyon bo'ladi. 1.2 Diqqatning nazariyalari va fiziologik asoslari Diqqat - bu psixologik hodisa bo'lib, u haqida hali ham psixologlar o'rtasida kelishuv mavjud emas. Bir tomondan, psixologik adabiyotlarda diqqatning mavjudligi masalasi mustaqil psixik hodisa sifatida ko'rib chiqiladi. Shunday qilib, ba'zi mualliflarning ta'kidlashicha, diqqatni mustaqil hodisa sifatida ko'rib chiqish mumkin emas, chunki u boshqa psixik jarayonda u yoki bu tarzda mavjud. Boshqalar esa, aksincha, aqliy jarayon sifatida diqqatning mustaqilligini himoya qiladilar. Boshqa tomondan, psixik hodisalarning qaysi sinfiga tegishli bo'lishi kerakligi haqida kelishmovchiliklar mavjud. Ba'zilar diqqatni kognitiv aqliy jarayon deb hisoblashadi. Boshqalar esa har qanday faoliyatni, shu jumladan kognitiv faoliyatni ham e'tiborsiz amalga oshirib bo'lmasligini, diqqatning o'zi esa ma'lum ixtiyoriy harakatlarning namoyon bo'lishini talab qilishiga asoslanib, diqqatni insonning irodasi va faoliyati bilan bog'laydi. Darhaqiqat, diqqat psixologik hodisalar tizimida alohida o'rin tutadi. U boshqa barcha psixik jarayonlarga kiradi, ularning zaruriy momenti sifatida ishlaydi va uni ulardan ajratish, ajratib olish va "sof" shaklda o'rganish mumkin emas. Biz diqqat hodisalari bilan faqat kognitiv jarayonlarning dinamikasi va insonning turli ruhiy holatlarining xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda shug'ullanamiz. Qachonki biz psixik hodisalarning qolgan mazmunidan chalg‘ituvchi diqqat “materiyasi”ni ajratib ko‘rsatishga harakat qilsak, u g‘oyib bo‘ladigandek tuyuladi. Muhokama qilinayotgan muammoni to'g'ri hal qilish har ikkala nuqtai nazarni birlashtirish va hisobga olishga harakat qilishdir, ya'ni. jarayon va hodisalarning ikkala tomonini ham, ulardan mustaqil, mustaqil narsalarni ham diqqatda ko'rish. Ushbu pozitsiya ma'lum anatomik va fiziologik ma'lumotlar bilan tasdiqlangan, ularning asosiylari quyidagilardir Diqqatning fiziologik korrelyatsiyasi sifatida dominant mexanizm, ularda o'ziga xos analizatorlar lokalizatsiya qilingan proyeksiya zonalaridan qat'i nazar, miya yarim korteksining butun yuzasida kuzatilishi mumkin. ... 2. Ishi diqqat hodisalari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan retikulyar shakllanish deyarli barcha kognitiv jarayonlarga tegishli nerv impulslari yo'lida (sezgi ma'lumotlarini afferent va efferent o'tkazishning o'ziga xos bo'lmagan yo'llari). Diqqat neyronlari - yangilik detektorlari bo'lgan hujayralar - deyarli butun yuzada va miyaning ba'zi ichki tuzilmalarida mavjud. Shu bilan birga, markaziy asab tizimidagi uchta nomdagi anatomik va fiziologik omillarning barchasi avtonom va individual sensorli analizatorlardan mustaqil ravishda mavjud bo'lib, bu e'tibor hali ham boshqalarga nisbatan kamaymaydigan alohida hodisa ekanligini ko'rsatadi. Diqqat, har qanday ruhiy jarayon kabi, ma'lum fiziologik hodisalar bilan bog'liq. Diqqatning fiziologik asoslarini tushunish katta ahamiyatga ega atoqli rus fiziologlari I. P. Pavlov va A. A. Uxtomskiylarning asarlari mavjud. I.P.Pavlov ilgari fiziologlar tomonidan kashf etilgan nerv jarayonlarining induksiya qonuni ham insonning diqqatiga bog'liqligini aniqladi. Pavlovning fikricha, bu qonunga ko'ra, qo'zg'alish o'chog'i atrofida miya yarim sharlari po'stlog'ida inhibe qilingan joylar hosil bo'ladi. Bunday holda, "qo'zg'alish fokusi qanchalik kuchli bo'lsa, korteksning boshqa qismlarida shunchalik chuqurroq, kuchliroq inhibisyon" Asab tizimining maxsus reaktsiyalari - yo'naltiruvchi reflekslar (refleks) haqida I.P.Pavlov ilgari surgan g'oyada allaqachon nima? , I.P.Pavlov aytganidek) beixtiyor diqqatning refleks tabiati haqidagi taxminni o'z ichiga olgan. Biz paydo bo'lgan tasvirga qaraymiz, paydo bo'lgan tovushlarni tinglaymiz, bizga tegadigan hidni diqqat bilan tortamiz ... - deb yozgan I.P.Pavlov. Zamonaviy ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, yo'naltiruvchi reaktsiyalar juda murakkab. Ular tananing muhim qismining faoliyati bilan bog'liq. Orientatsiya kompleksi tashqi harakatlarni ham (masalan, ko'zni va boshni qo'zg'atuvchi tomon burish) va ma'lum analizatorlarning sezgirligining o'zgarishini o'z ichiga oladi; metabolizmning tabiati o'zgaradi; nafas olish, yurak-qon tomir va galvanik teri reaktsiyalari o'zgaradi, ya'ni vegetativ o'zgarishlar sodir bo'ladi; shu bilan birga, miyaning elektr faolligida o'zgarishlar mavjud. I.P.Pavlovning qo'zg'alish o'choqlarining miya yarim korteksi bo'ylab harakatlanishi haqidagi pozitsiyasi zamonaviy tomonidan tasdiqlangan. eksperimental tadqiqot... Diqqatning fiziologik mexanizmlarini tushunish uchun A.A.ning qoidalari alohida ahamiyatga ega. Uxtomskiy. A.A.Uxtomskiy tomonidan ilgari surilgan dominant prinsipga ko‘ra, miyada doimo vaqtinchalik dominant qo‘zg‘alish o‘chog‘i mavjud bo‘lib, u ma’lum bir daqiqada nerv markazlarining ishini belgilab beradi va shu orqali inson xatti-harakatlariga ma’lum bir yo‘nalish beradi. Dominantning o'ziga xos xususiyatlaridan kelib chiqqan holda, asab tizimiga kiradigan impulslarning yig'indisi va to'planishi mavjud bo'lib, bir vaqtning o'zida boshqa markazlarning faoliyatini bostiradi, buning natijasida qo'zg'alish yanada kuchayadi. Ushbu xususiyatlar tufayli dominant qo'zg'alishning barqaror markazidir, bu esa, o'z navbatida, diqqatning intensivligini saqlashning neyron mexanizmini tushuntiradi. Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, qo'zg'alishning dominant o'chog'ining paydo bo'lishining asosi nafaqat odamga ta'sir qiluvchi stimulyatsiyaning kuchi, balki oldingi ta'sirlar va allaqachon qo'zg'almas nerv bog'lanishlari tufayli asab tizimining ichki holatidir. Biroq, na asabiy jarayonlarning induktsiya qonuni, na dominant haqidagi ta'limot diqqatning mexanizmlarini, ayniqsa ixtiyoriylikni to'liq ochib bermaydi. Hayvonlardan farqli o'laroq, odamlar o'z e'tiborini maqsadli ravishda boshqaradi. Bu e'tiborni keltirib chiqaradigan va ushlab turadigan faoliyat maqsadlarini belgilash va aniqlashtirishdir. So'nggi yillarda hammasi katta rol korteksning etakchi roli haqidagi g'oyalar o'ynay boshlaydi katta yarim sharlar diqqatning neyrofiziologik mexanizmlari tizimida. Miya yarim korteksi darajasida, mavjudligi maxsus turi neyronlar (diqqat neyronlari - yangilik detektorlari va o'rnatish hujayralari - kutish hujayralari). Shunday qilib, sog'lom odamlarda kuchli e'tibor sharoitida (masalan, turli xil intellektual va motorli vazifalarni hal qilishda) miyaning frontal loblarida bioelektrik faollikdagi o'zgarishlar sodir bo'lishi aniqlandi. Miyaning frontal qismlarining ba'zi qismlari zararlangan bemorlarda og'zaki ko'rsatmalar yordamida doimiy ixtiyoriy e'tiborni uyg'otish deyarli mumkin emas. Miyaning frontal qismlarining shikastlanishi bilan ixtiyoriy diqqatning zaifligi bilan bir vaqtda diqqatning ixtiyoriy shakllarining patologik kuchayishi qayd etilgan. Shunday qilib, diqqat bir qator miya tuzilmalarining faoliyati bilan bog'liq, lekin ularning tartibga solishdagi roli turli shakllar va diqqat turlari har xil. Umuman olganda, individual qo'zg'atuvchilarni izolyatsiya qilish va jarayonlarning ma'lum bir yo'nalishda borishi uchun fiziologik asos ba'zi nerv markazlarining qo'zg'alishi va boshqalarning inhibisyonidir. Insonga ta'sir etuvchi stimul miyani faollashtiradi. Miyaning faollashishi birinchi navbatda retikulyar shakllanish orqali amalga oshiriladi. Retikulyar shakllanishning ko'tarilgan qismini tirnash xususiyati miya yarim korteksida tez elektr tebranishlarining paydo bo'lishiga olib keladi, asabiy jarayonlarning harakatchanligini oshiradi va sezgirlik chegaralarini pasaytiradi. Bundan tashqari, miyaning faollashuvida diffuz talamus tizimi, gipotalamus tuzilmalari va boshqalar ishtirok etadi. Retikulyar shakllanishning "tetiklash" mexanizmlari orasida orientatsiya refleksini ta'kidlash kerak. Bu inson va hayvonlarda atrof-muhitning har qanday o'zgarishiga tananing tug'ma reaktsiyasidir. Xonada shovqin-suron eshitildi, mushukcha o'rnidan turib, hushyor bo'lib, ko'zlarini tovush kelayotgan tomonga qaradi. Biroq, diqqatni faqat bitta yo'naltiruvchi refleks bilan izohlab bo'lmaydi. Diqqatning fiziologik mexanizmlari ancha murakkab. Masalan, har qanday yangi qo'zg'atuvchini hozirgi vaqtda doimiy ravishda harakat qiladigan boshqalardan ajrata oladigan muayyan mexanizmlar kerak. Psixologik adabiyotlarda odatda stimullarni filtrlaydigan mexanizmlarning ikkita asosiy guruhi ko'rib chiqiladi: periferik va markaziy. Periferik mexanizmlar sezgi organlarini sozlashni o'z ichiga oladi. Zaif tovushni tinglab, odam boshini tovush tomon buradi va ayni paytda mos keladigan mushak quloq pardasini cho'zadi, uning sezgirligini oshiradi. Ovoz juda kuchli bo'lsa, timpanik membrananing kuchlanishi zaiflashadi, bu tebranishlarning ichki quloqqa o'tkazilishini buzadi. Diqqat yuqori bo'lgan paytlarda nafasingizni to'xtatish yoki ushlab turish ham eshitishingizni kuchaytiradi. DE Brodbentning fikricha, diqqat - bu kirishlarda, ya'ni periferiyadagi ma'lumotlarni aniq tanlaydigan filtr. U aniqladiki, agar odam bir vaqtning o'zida ikkala qulog'iga turli xil ma'lumotlar berilsa, lekin ko'rsatmalarga ko'ra, uni faqat chap tomoni bilan idrok etishi kerak bo'lsa, o'ng qulog'iga berilgan ma'lumotlar butunlay e'tiborga olinmaydi. Keyinchalik periferik mexanizmlar ma'lumotni jismoniy xususiyatlarga ko'ra tanlab olishi aniqlandi. U.Nayzer bu mexanizmlarni ma'lumotni nisbatan qo'pol qayta ishlash bilan bog'lab, oldindan kutish deb atagan (fondagi rasmni ajratib ko'rsatish, tashqi maydondagi keskin o'zgarishlarni kuzatish). Diqqatning markaziy mexanizmlari ba'zi nerv markazlarining qo'zg'alishi va boshqalarning inhibisyonu bilan bog'liq. Aynan shu darajada tashqi ta'sirlar chiqariladi, bu ular tomonidan yuzaga kelgan asabiy hayajonning kuchi bilan bog'liq. O'z navbatida, asabiy qo'zg'alishning kuchi tashqi stimulyatsiya kuchiga bog'liq. Kuchli hayajon u bilan bir vaqtda yuzaga keladigan kuchsiz hayajonni bostiradi va aqliy faoliyatning tegishli yo`nalishda borishini belgilaydi. Shu bilan birga, bir vaqtning o'zida bir-birini kuchaytiradigan ikkita yoki undan ortiq ta'sir qiluvchi stimullarni birlashtirish mumkin. Rag'batlantiruvchilarning o'zaro ta'sirining bu turi ham tashqi ta'sirlarni va ma'lum bir yo'nalishdagi jarayonlarning borishini aniqlash uchun asoslardan biridir. Diqqatning fiziologik asoslari haqida gapirganda, yana ikkita juda muhim hodisani eslatib o'tish mumkin emas: asabiy jarayonlarning nurlanishi va dominant. K.Sherrington tomonidan asos solingan va I.P.Pavlov keng qoʻllagan nerv jarayonlarining induksiya qonuni maʼlum darajada diqqatni taʼminlovchi fiziologik jarayonlarning dinamikasini tushuntiradi. Ushbu qonunga ko'ra, miya yarim korteksining bir sohasida paydo bo'ladigan qo'zg'alish miya yarim korteksining boshqa sohalarida inhibisyonga olib keladi (bir vaqtning o'zida induksiya deb ataladi) yoki miyaning ushbu hududida inhibisyon bilan almashtiriladi (ketma-ket induksiya). ). Nurlanish hodisasi sodir bo'lgan miya yarim korteksining maydoni qo'zg'alish uchun maqbul sharoitlar bilan tavsiflanadi, shuning uchun bu erda differentsiatsiyalar osongina rivojlanadi, yangi shartli aloqalar muvaffaqiyatli shakllanadi. Miyaning boshqa qismlarining faoliyati bu vaqtda odatda ongsiz, avtomatik inson faoliyati deb ataladigan narsa bilan bog'liq. Diqqatning fiziologik mexanizmlarining juda murakkab tuzilishi va uning tabiatiga qarama-qarshi qarashlar diqqatning bir qator psixologik nazariyalarining paydo bo'lishiga olib keldi. NN Lange diqqatning mohiyatini tushunishning eng mashhur yondashuvlarini tahlil qilib, diqqatning mavjud nazariyalari va tushunchalarini bir necha guruhlarga birlashtirdi. Dvigatel moslashuvi natijasida e'tibor. Ushbu yondashuv tarafdorlari shundan kelib chiqadiki, inson o'z ixtiyori bilan diqqatni bir ob'ektdan ikkinchisiga o'tkazishi mumkin, chunki mushaklarning harakatlarisiz diqqatni jalb qilish mumkin emas. Sezgilarning eng yaxshi idrok qilish sharoitlariga moslashishini ta'minlaydigan mushak harakatlaridir. Ongning cheklangan doirasi natijasida e'tibor. I. Gerbert va V. Hamilton ong hajmi deganda nimani anglatishini tushuntirmasdan, kuchliroq vakillik kamroq kuchli bo'lganlarni siqib chiqarishga yoki bostirishga qodir, deb hisoblashadi. Emotsiya natijasida e'tibor. Bu nazariya ingliz assotsiatsiyasi psixologiyasida eng katta qabul qilingan. Bu e'tiborning taqdimotning hissiy ranglanishiga bog'liqligi haqidagi bayonotga asoslanadi. Masalan, ushbu nuqtai nazar vakili J. Milning quyidagi gapi juda yaxshi ma’lum: “Yoqimli yoki og‘riqli his yoki fikrga ega bo‘lish va ularga e’tiborli bo‘lish bir narsadir”. Diqqat appersepsiya natijasida, ya'ni individning hayotiy tajribasi natijasida. Diqqat ruhning maxsus faol qobiliyati sifatida. Ushbu pozitsiyaning tarafdorlari asosiy va faol qobiliyatni hisobga oladi, ularning kelib chiqishi tushunarsizdir. Diqqat asabiy tirnash xususiyati kuchayishi sifatida. Ushbu farazga ko'ra, diqqat markaziy asab tizimining mahalliy tirnash xususiyati kuchayishi bilan bog'liq. Nervlarni bostirish nazariyasi. U diqqatning asosiy haqiqatini - bir g'oyaning boshqalardan ustunligini - bitta fiziologik asabiy jarayon boshqa fiziologik jarayonlarni kechiktirishi yoki bostirishi bilan izohlashga harakat qiladi, bu esa ongning alohida kontsentratsiyasi haqiqatiga olib keladi. Diqqat nazariyalari orasida diqqat doimo his-tuyg'ular bilan bog'liq va ular tufayli yuzaga keladi deb hisoblagan T. Ribot nazariyasi ham keng shuhrat qozondi. U his-tuyg'ular va ixtiyoriy diqqat o'rtasidagi ayniqsa yaqin aloqani ko'rdi. Ribot bunday e'tiborning intensivligi va davomiyligi diqqat ob'ekti bilan bog'liq hissiy holatlarning intensivligi va davomiyligi bilan bog'liq deb hisobladi. Bundan tashqari, Ribot diqqatni doimo tananing jismoniy va fiziologik holatidagi o'zgarishlar bilan birga bo'lishiga ishongan. Buning sababi shundaki, fiziologiya nuqtai nazaridan diqqat o'ziga xos holat sifatida qon tomir, nafas olish, harakat va boshqa ixtiyoriy yoki ixtiyoriy reaktsiyalar majmuasini o'z ichiga oladi. Shu bilan birga, Ribot harakatlarga e'tiborning mohiyatini tushuntirishda alohida rol o'ynadi. Uning fikricha, diqqatni jamlash holati tananing barcha qismlari - yuz, magistral, oyoq-qo'llarning harakatlari bilan birga keladi, bu organik reaktsiyalar bilan birgalikda diqqatni ushbu darajada ushlab turish uchun zarur shartdir. Harakat bu ong holatini fiziologik jihatdan qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va mustahkamlaydi. Shunday qilib, ko'rish va eshitish organlari uchun diqqat diqqatni jamlash va harakatlardagi kechikishni anglatadi. Diqqatni biror narsaga qaratish va ushlab turish uchun qilingan harakat har doim fiziologik asosga ega. Bu holat, Ribotga ko'ra, mushaklarning kuchlanishiga mos keladi. Shu bilan birga, Ribot chalg'itishni mushaklarning charchoqlari bilan bog'ladi. Binobarin, ixtiyoriy diqqatning siri, bu yondashuv muallifi ishonganidek, harakatlarni boshqarish qobiliyatidadir. Shuning uchun bu nazariya diqqatning motor nazariyasi deb atalishi bejiz emas. T.Ribot nazariyasidan tashqari, diqqatning tabiatini o'rganishning boshqa bir xil darajada mashhur yondashuvlari mavjud. Masalan, D. N. Uznadze e’tibor bevosita munosabat bilan bog’liq deb hisoblagan. Uning fikricha, munosabat ichki e'tibor holatini ifodalaydi. O'rnatish ta'siri ostida atrofdagi haqiqatni idrok etish jarayonida olingan ma'lum bir tasvir yoki taassurot ta'kidlanadi. Bu tasvir yoki taassurot diqqat ob'ektiga aylanadi va jarayonning o'zi ob'ektivlashtirish deb ataladi. Xuddi shunday qiziqarli e'tibor tushunchasi P. Ya. Xalperin tomonidan taklif qilingan. Uning kontseptsiyasi quyidagi asosiy qoidalardan iborat: Diqqat yo'naltirish-tadqiqot faoliyatining momentlaridan biri bo'lib, hozirgi vaqtda inson psixikasida mavjud bo'lgan tasvir, fikr, boshqa hodisaning mazmuniga qaratilgan psixologik harakatdir. Diqqatning asosiy vazifasi - harakat mazmunini, aqliy tasvirni va hokazolarni nazorat qilishdir.Har bir inson harakatida yo'naltiruvchi, ijro etuvchi va nazorat qiluvchi qism mavjud. Bu oxirgi e'tibor tomonidan taqdim etiladi. Muayyan mahsulot ishlab chiqarishga qaratilgan harakatlardan farqli o'laroq, nazorat yoki e'tibor faoliyati alohida natijaga ega emas. Diqqat mustaqil harakat sifatida harakat faqat aqliy emas, balki qisqartirilgan holda ham ajralib turadi. Shu bilan birga, barcha nazoratni e'tibor deb hisoblamaslik kerak. Nazorat, odatda, faqat harakatni baholaydi, e'tibor esa uni yaxshilashga yordam beradi. Agar diqqatni aqliy nazorat faoliyati deb hisoblasak, unda barcha o'ziga xos diqqat harakatlari - ixtiyoriy va ixtiyoriy emas - yangi aqliy harakatlarning shakllanishi natijasidir. Ixtiyoriy diqqat - bu tizimli ravishda amalga oshiriladigan diqqat, ya'ni oldindan belgilangan reja yoki model bo'yicha amalga oshiriladigan nazorat shakli. Xulosa qilib shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, mavjud bo'lgan ko'plab nazariyalarga qaramay, e'tibor muammosi unchalik ahamiyatli emas. Diqqatning tabiati haqida bahs davom etadi. 1.4 Diqqat turlari Diqqat heterojen hodisadir. Eng xilma-xillikda hayotiy vaziyatlar, har xil muammolarni hal qilishda har xil turdagi e'tibor talab etiladi. Zamonaviyda psixologik fan diqqatning bir nechta asosiy turlarini ajratish odatiy holdir (A ilovasi). Aqliy faoliyatning diqqati va konsentratsiyasi ixtiyoriy yoki ixtiyoriy bo'lishi mumkin. Faoliyat bizni o'ziga jalb qilsa va biz buni ixtiyoriy harakatlarsiz amalga oshirsak, u holda aqliy jarayonlarning yo'nalishi va konsentratsiyasi ixtiyoriy emas. Biz ma'lum bir ishni bajarishimiz kerakligini bilsak va uni maqsad va qabul qilingan qarorga ko'ra o'z zimmamizga olsak, u holda aqliy jarayonlarning yo'nalishi va konsentratsiyasi allaqachon o'zboshimchalik bilan bo'ladi. Shuning uchun ularning kelib chiqishi va amalga oshirish usullariga ko'ra, odatda ikkita asosiy e'tibor turi ajratiladi: ixtiyoriy va ixtiyoriy. I. Ixtiyorsiz diqqat diqqatning eng oddiy turi. U ko'pincha passiv yoki majburiy deb ataladi, chunki u inson ongidan mustaqil ravishda paydo bo'ladi va saqlanadi. Faoliyat o'zining maftunkorligi, o'yin-kulgisi yoki hayrati tufayli odamni o'ziga jalb qiladi. Ixtiyorsiz diqqat refleksli munosabat bilan bog'liq. U insonning ongli niyatidan qat'iy nazar o'rnatiladi va saqlanadi. Unga ta'sir etuvchi qo'zg'atuvchilarning xususiyatlari, ularning intensivligi yoki yangiligi, hissiy bo'yoqlari, harakatchanlik, ehtiyojlar yoki qiziqishlar bilan bog'liqligi ma'lum narsalar, hodisalar yoki shaxslar bizning e'tiborimizni o'ziga jalb qiladi va uni bir muncha vaqt o'ziga jalb qiladi. Bu diqqatning asosiy shakli. Bu qiziqishning bevosita va ixtiyoriy mahsulotidir. Ixtiyorsiz diqqatning paydo bo'lishi jismoniy, psixofiziologik va ruhiy omillar bilan belgilanadi. Uning paydo bo'lishining asosiy shartlarini rag'batlantirishning fazilatlari, birinchi navbatda, ularning mavzu uchun yangiligi bilan bog'lash mumkin. Yangilik ilgari mavjud bo'lmagan qo'zg'atuvchining paydo bo'lishi, ta'sir etuvchi stimullarning jismoniy xususiyatlarining o'zgarishi, ularning harakatlarining zaiflashishi yoki to'xtatilishi, tanish stimullar bo'lmasa, kosmosdagi qo'zg'atuvchilarning harakati (harakatlanuvchi ob'ektlar) bo'lishi mumkin. odatda e'tiborni tortadi). E'tibor g'ayrioddiy hamma narsaga qaratiladi. Haqiqatda bitta umumiy yangilik xususiyatiga ega bo'lgan turli xil qo'zg'atuvchilar e'tiborni tortadi, chunki odatlanish natijasida ularga reaktsiya zaiflashmaydi. E'tiborni kuchli ogohlantirishlar jalb qiladi: baland tovushlar, yorqin chiroqlar va ranglar va o'tkir hid. Bunda qo'zg'atuvchining nisbiy intensivligi emas, balki mutlaq emas, ya'ni qo'zg'atuvchining kuchi bo'yicha hozirgi vaqtda harakat qilayotgan boshqa qo'zg'atuvchilar bilan nisbati muhim ahamiyatga ega. Biroq, beixtiyor e'tiborning sabablarini tushunish juda soddalashtirilgan. Odatda, beixtiyor diqqat paydo bo'lganda, biz sabablarning butun majmuasi bilan shug'ullanamiz. Bu kompleks turli xil jismoniy, psixofiziologik va ruhiy sabablarni o'z ichiga oladi. Ular bir-biri bilan bog'langan, ammo shartli ravishda ularni quyidagi to'rt toifaga bo'lish mumkin. Birinchi guruh sabablar tashqi qo'zg'atuvchining tabiati bilan bog'liq. Bu, birinchi navbatda, qo'zg'atuvchining kuchi yoki intensivligini o'z ichiga olishi kerak. Tasavvur qiling, siz biror narsaga ishtiyoqlisiz. Bunday holda, siz ko'chada yoki qo'shni xonada ozgina shovqinni ham sezmasligingiz mumkin. Ammo to'satdan stoldan tushgan og'ir narsadan yaqin joyda qattiq taqillatish eshitiladi. Bu sizning e'tiboringizni beixtiyor jalb qiladi. Shunday qilib, har qanday etarlicha kuchli tirnash xususiyati - baland tovushlar, yorqin yorug'lik, kuchli silkinish, o'tkir hid - beixtiyor e'tiborni tortadi. Bunday holda, eng muhim rol mutlaq emas, balki stimulning nisbiy kuchi bilan o'ynaydi. Misol uchun, agar biz biror narsaga ishtiyoqli bo'lsak, biz zaif stimullarni sezmaymiz. Buning sababi shundaki, ularning intensivligi bizning faoliyatimiz ob'ektini yoki shartlarini tashkil etuvchi qo'zg'atuvchilarning intensivligi bilan solishtirganda etarlicha katta emas. Shu bilan birga, boshqa sharoitlarda, masalan, tungi vaqtda, biz dam olayotganda, biz har xil shovqinlarga, xirillashlarga va hokazolarga juda sezgir munosabatda bo'lishimiz mumkin. Rag'batlantiruvchilar o'rtasidagi kontrast, shuningdek, qo'zg'atuvchining davomiyligi va uning hajmi va shakli kichik ahamiyatga ega emas. Ushbu sabablar guruhi rag'batlantirishning yangiligi, g'ayrioddiyligi kabi sifatini o'z ichiga olishi kerak. Bunda yangilik deganda nafaqat ilgari mavjud bo'lmagan qo'zg'atuvchining paydo bo'lishi, balki ta'sir etuvchi qo'zg'atuvchilarning jismoniy xususiyatlarining o'zgarishi, ularning ta'sirining zaiflashishi yoki tugashi, tanish stimullarning yo'qligi va qo'zg'atuvchilarning kosmosdagi harakati tushuniladi. Shunday qilib, sabablarning birinchi guruhiga odamga ta'sir qiluvchi stimulning xususiyatlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Ixtiyorsiz diqqatni keltirib chiqaradigan sabablarning ikkinchi guruhi tashqi stimullarning mos kelishi bilan bog'liq ichki holat inson va birinchi navbatda uning ehtiyojlari. Shunday qilib, yaxshi ovqatlangan va och odam oziq-ovqat haqidagi suhbatga butunlay boshqacha munosabatda bo'ladi. Och odam beixtiyor ovqat haqidagi suhbatga e'tibor beradi. Fiziologik nuqtai nazardan, bu sabablarning ta'siri A.A.Uxtomskiy tomonidan taklif qilingan dominant printsipida tushuntiriladi. Uchinchi guruh sabablar shaxsning umumiy yo'nalishi bilan bog'liq. Bizni nima ko'proq qiziqtiradi va bizning manfaatlarimiz, shu jumladan professionallar sohasini tashkil etuvchi narsa, qoida tariqasida, biz tasodifan duch kelgan bo'lsak ham, diqqatni o'ziga tortadi. Shuning uchun ko'chada yurib, politsiyachi noto'g'ri qo'yilgan mashinaga, me'mor yoki rassom esa eski binoning go'zalligiga e'tibor beradi. Muharrir kitob matnidagi xatolarni osongina topadi, u shunchaki zavqlanish uchun o'qigan, chunki stilistik va boshqa xatolarni aniqlash uning kasbiy qiziqishlari sohasi bo'lib, uzoq amaliyot bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi. Binobarin, shaxsning umumiy yo'nalishi va oldingi tajribaning mavjudligi beixtiyor e'tiborning paydo bo'lishiga bevosita ta'sir qiladi. Beixtiyor e'tiborni keltirib chiqaradigan sabablarning to'rtinchi mustaqil guruhi sifatida bizda ta'sir qiluvchi stimul tufayli yuzaga keladigan his-tuyg'ularni nomlashimiz kerak. Biz uchun qiziq bo'lgan narsa, bizda ma'lum bir hissiy reaktsiyani qo'zg'atadigan narsa, beixtiyor e'tiborning eng muhim sababidir. Misol uchun, qiziqarli kitobni o'qiyotganda, biz uning mazmunini idrok etishga to'liq e'tibor qaratamiz va atrofimizda sodir bo'layotgan voqealarga e'tibor bermaymiz. Bunday e'tiborni haqli ravishda asosan hissiy deb atash mumkin. Ixtiyorsiz diqqatning uch turi mavjud. Majburiy e'tibor. Har qanday xavf tug'diradigan har bir narsada qo'zg'atuvchining intensivligi, uning vaqt va makon bo'yicha uzunligi kabi omillar bilan belgilanadi. Diqqatning ushbu shaklida o'rganish ahamiyatsiz rol o'ynaydi, shuning uchun u tug'ma, tabiiy deb nomlangan. Majburiy e'tibor ob'ektlarining xususiyatlari ro'yxati odatda taassurotning intensivligidan boshlanadi. Bizning e'tiborimizni baland ovoz, qattiq og'riq, sovuq jalb qiladi. Eng muhim xususiyat diqqatni tortuvchi va chalg'ituvchi ob'ekt - bu harakat. Bir kishi uchayotgan yulduzning xira chiziqchasini, uchib yurgan kapalakni payqadi. Bu erda mavzuning hissasi minimal, garchi u butunlay chiqarib tashlanmasa ham. Misol uchun, odamlar turli xil idroklarga ega va bir kishi e'tiborni jalb qilish uchun etarlicha kuchli bo'lgan stimul boshqa odam tomonidan sezilmaydi. Majburiy e'tibor. Bu xilma-xillik turga emas, balki ob'ektning individual tajribasiga bog'liq deb ta'riflanadi. U xuddi shunday instinktiv asosda rivojlanadi, lekin go'yo kechiktirilgan tartibda, o'z-o'zidan o'rganish va shaxsning muayyan yashash sharoitlariga moslashish jarayonida. Ushbu jarayonlar va sharoitlar turli yoshdagi vakillar o'rtasida mos keladigan yoki mos kelmagan darajada ijtimoiy guruhlar, diqqat va e'tiborsizlik ob'ektlarining umumiy va individual zonalari shakllanadi. Odatiy e'tibor, mohiyatan ixtiyoriy, bizning xohish va niyatlarimizdan mustaqil bo'lib, yanada individuallashadi. Bu shaxsning o'tmishdagi tajribasi bilan bevosita bog'liq. Majburiy, ixtiyorsiz va odatiy diqqatni turli xil ixtiyorsiz diqqat sifatida birlashtiradi, ularning motivatsion sabablari sub'ektning ongidan tashqarida yotadi. Bunday e'tibor kichik bolada allaqachon sodir bo'ladi va shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, birinchi bosqichlarda u beqaror. Uning e'tibor doirasi tor va u o'z e'tiborini bir nechta stimullar orasida taqsimlay olmaydi, oldingisiga qaytadi va oldingisini yo'qotmaydi. II. O'zboshimchalik bilan e'tibor O'zboshimchalik bilan e'tibor faqat odamga xosdir. Odamning hayvonlarga xos bo'lmagan bunday e'tiborga ega ekanligini ko'rsatadigan asosiy fakt shundaki, odam o'zboshimchalik bilan u yoki bu ob'ektga diqqatini qaratishi mumkin. muhit hech narsa o'zgarmaydi. Diqqatning bu turi insonning irodasi bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib, mehnat harakatlari natijasida rivojlangan, shuning uchun uni irodali, faol, qasdli deb ham atashadi. Ba'zi faoliyat bilan shug'ullanishga qaror qilib, biz bu qarorni amalga oshiramiz va diqqatimizni hatto o'zimizni qiziqtirmaydigan, lekin nima qilishimiz kerak deb hisoblagan narsalarga ataylab qaratamiz. O'zboshimchalik bilan e'tibor bizning maqsad va rejalarimizga mos keladi va shuning uchun shaxsiyat faoliyatining natijasi bo'lib chiqadi. Ixtiyoriy diqqat ob'ektlari doirasi cheksizdir, chunki u rag'batlantirish xususiyatlari, organizmning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari va sub'ektning manfaatlari bilan belgilanmaydi. E'tiboringizni biror narsaga qaratish va qaratish uchun ongli niyat - o'ziga xos xususiyati bu e'tiborning barcha holatlari. Ixtiyoriy diqqatning asosiy vazifasi psixik jarayonlarning borishini faol tartibga solishdan iborat. Demak, ixtiyoriy diqqat ixtiyorsizdan sifat jihatidan farq qiladi. Biroq, diqqatning ikkala turi bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq, chunki ixtiyoriy diqqat ixtiyoriy diqqatdan kelib chiqqan. Ixtiyoriy diqqat insonda ongli faoliyat jarayonida paydo bo'lgan deb taxmin qilish mumkin. Ixtiyoriy diqqatning sabablari biologik emas, balki ijtimoiydir: ixtiyoriy diqqat organizmda kamolotga yetmaydi, balki bolaning kattalar bilan muloqoti jarayonida shakllanadi. Vygotskiy ko'rsatganidek, rivojlanishning dastlabki bosqichlarida ixtiyoriy diqqat funktsiyasi ikki kishi - kattalar va bola o'rtasida bo'linadi. Voyaga etgan odam ob'ektni atrof-muhitdan ajratib, unga ishora qilib, uni so'z deb ataydi va bola bu signalga imo-ishorani kuzatish, ob'ektni ushlab yoki so'zni takrorlash orqali javob beradi. Keyinchalik, bolalar o'zlariga maqsadlar qo'yishni boshlaydilar. Shuni ham ta'kidlash kerakki, ixtiyoriy diqqat nutq bilan chambarchas bog'liq. Bolada ixtiyoriy diqqatning rivojlanishi dastlab uning xatti-harakatining kattalarning nutqiy ko'rsatmalariga bo'ysunishida namoyon bo'ladi, so'ngra nutqni o'zlashtirganda, ixtiyoriy diqqatdan sifat jihatidan farqiga qaramay, ixtiyoriy diqqat hissiyotlar, qiziqishlar bilan ham bog'liq. , va insonning oldingi tajribasi. Biroq, bu momentlarning ixtiyoriy diqqatga ta'siri bevosita emas, balki bilvosita. Bunga ataylab qo'yilgan maqsadlar vositachilik qiladi, shuning uchun bu holda manfaatlar maqsad manfaatlari, faoliyat natijasi manfaatlari sifatida harakat qiladi. O'zboshimchalik bilan e'tibor bir nechta turlarga ega. Aslida ixtiyoriy e'tibor. Bu odatda inson bajaradigan faoliyatning asosiy oqimida yotadi. Masalan, monografiya kabi ish uchun bunday e'tibor talab qilinishi mumkin. Kuchli irodali e'tibor. Ixtiyoriy diqqatga bo'lgan ehtiyoj tanlangan ob'ekt yoki faoliyat yo'nalishi bilan ixtiyoriy diqqat ob'ektlari yoki tendentsiyalari o'rtasidagi ziddiyat sharoitida yuzaga keladi. Ixtiyoriy diqqatning eng tanish varianti tashqi muhitdagi ziddiyatli vaziyatda, masalan, zaif signalni tanib olishga to'sqinlik qiluvchi kuchli chalg'ituvchi shovqin ta'sirida amalga oshiriladi. Ixtiyoriy diqqat sub'ektning hozirgi intilishlari, qiziqishlari va xohishlariga zid ravishda, majburan, ijtimoiy muhitning bevosita bosimi ostida yoki zaif motiv tufayli amalga oshiriladi. Kutilayotgan e'tibor. E'tiborning bir turi sifatida kutish ixtiyoriy diqqatga o'xshaydi, bundan tashqari, diqqat ob'ekti bu erda yo'q va odamning faoliyati ma'lum bir signal turini kutishdan iborat. Kutilayotgan e'tiborning keskinligi qisqa muddatli to'lqinlarda amalga oshiriladi, ularning har biri bir necha soniyadan oshmaydi. Ularning orasidagi pauzalarda yoki to'liq harakatsizlik, yoki beixtiyor diqqatga o'tish - qulay sharoitlarda odatiy va chalg'itadigan narsalarda ixtiyorsiz. II. Post-spontan e'tibor Bir qator psixologlar e'tiborning boshqa turini ajratib ko'rsatishadi, u ixtiyoriy kabi maqsadli va dastlabki ixtiyoriy sa'y-harakatlarni talab qiladi, ammo keyin odam ishga "kirish" kabi ko'rinadi: faoliyat mazmuni va jarayoni nafaqat uning natijasi, balki qiziqarli bo'ladi. va ahamiyatli. Bunday e'tiborni N.F. Dobrynin o'zboshimchalikdan keyin. Qiyin matematik masalani yechayotgan talabani oling. Dastlab, bu uni umuman qiziqtirmasligi mumkin. U buni faqat qilish kerakligi uchun oladi. Talaba doimiy harakat bilan yechimga qaytishi kerak. Ammo endi yechim boshlandi, to'g'ri harakat belgilandi, vazifa aniqroq bo'ldi. Talaba uni tobora ko'proq jalb qiladi, u uni qo'lga oladi, u chalg'itishni to'xtatadi: muammo uning uchun qiziq bo'lib qoldi. O'zboshimchalikdan e'tibor, go'yo beixtiyor bo'lib qoldi. Haqiqiy ixtiyorsiz diqqatdan farqli o'laroq, ixtiyoriy diqqat ongli maqsadlar bilan bog'liq bo'lib qoladi va ongli manfaatlar bilan quvvatlanadi. Shu bilan birga, ixtiyoriy diqqatdan farqli o'laroq, ixtiyoriy harakat yo'q yoki deyarli yo'q. Shubhasiz, ixtiyoriylikdan keyingi e'tibor pedagogik jarayon uchun juda katta ahamiyatga ega. Albatta, o'qituvchi o'quvchilarga ixtiyoriy harakatlar qilishda yordam berishi mumkin va kerak, lekin bu jarayon charchaydi. Binobarin, yaxshi o‘qituvchi bolani o‘ziga rom etishi, uni shunday qiziqtirishi kerakki, u o‘z kuchini behuda sarf qilmay ishlasin, ya’ni maqsad qiziqishi, ish natijasiga bo‘lgan qiziqish bevosita qiziqishga aylansin. Diqqatning bu turi shaxs faoliyatining mutlaqo alohida, eng yuqori shaklidir. Buning ortida nafaqat faoliyatning maqsadliligi, balki unga bo'lgan qiziqish ham bor. Ixtiyoriy va ixtiyorsiz diqqatni farqlashda, bir-biridan uzib, ularni bir-biriga tashqi tomondan qarama-qarshi qo'yish kerak emas. Hech shubha yo'qki, ixtiyoriy diqqat ixtiyoriy emas. Boshqa tomondan, ixtiyoriy diqqat ixtiyorsiz aylanadi. Beixtiyor e'tibor odatda bevosita qiziqish bilan boshqariladi. Bunday bevosita qiziqish bo'lmagan joyda o'zboshimchalik bilan e'tibor talab qilinadi va biz ongli ravishda e'tiborimizni oldimizda turgan vazifalarga, o'z oldimizga qo'ygan maqsadlarga qaratamiz. Biz qilgan va biz birinchi bo'lib ixtiyoriy ravishda diqqatimizni qaratgan ish bizni bevosita qiziqtirsa, ixtiyoriy diqqat ixtiyorsiz bo'lib qoladi. Ixtiyoriy diqqatning ixtiyoriy va ixtiyoriyga o'tishini hisobga olish diqqat jarayonlarining haqiqiy borishini nazariy jihatdan to'g'ri aks ettirish va ishni amaliy to'g'ri tashkil etish, xususan, ta'lim uchun markaziy ahamiyatga ega. Shuni hisobga olish kerakki, o'z tabiatiga ko'ra, ularning natijasi ifodalovchi jozibadorligi tufayli darhol qiziqish uyg'otishga va beixtiyor e'tiborni jalb qilishga qodir bo'lgan faoliyat turlari mavjud; ammo, ular talab qiladigan operatsiyalarning monotonligi tufayli uni ushlab turishga qodir emaslar. Boshqa tomondan, shunday faoliyat turlari mavjudki, ular boshlang'ich bosqichlarining qiyinligi, ular xizmat qiladigan maqsadlarning uzoqligi tufayli e'tiborni jalb qila olmaydilar va shu bilan birga uni ushlab, keyin ushlab turishadi. asta-sekin ochilib, rivojlanib borayotgan mazmunning boyligi tufayli ularning mazmuni va dinamikligi tufayli uzoq vaqt. Birinchi holda, ixtiyoriy diqqatdan ixtiyoriy diqqatga o'tish zarur, ikkinchidan, ixtiyoriy diqqatdan ixtiyoriy diqqatga o'tish tabiiy ravishda amalga oshiriladi. Bir va boshqa holatda ham bir, ham boshqa turdagi e'tibor talab etiladi. Hamma uchun - juda muhim - ixtiyorsiz va ixtiyoriy diqqat o'rtasidagi farqni faqat rasmiy mavhumlik bilan buzish va tashqi ko'rinishga qaratish mumkin; haqiqiy mehnat jarayonida, odatda, ularning birligi va o'zaro o'tishi xulosa qilinadi. Bundan foydalanib, pedagogik jarayonda, bir tomondan, ixtiyoriy e'tiborga tayangan holda, ixtiyoriy tarbiyalash, ikkinchidan, o'quvchilarning qiziqishlarini shakllantirish, shuningdek, eng qiziqarli o'quv-tarbiyaviy ishlarni amalga oshirish, o'quv-uslubiy bilimlarni o'z ichiga oladi. talabalarning ixtiyoriy e'tiborini ixtiyoriy ravishda qaytarish. Birinchisi, o'quv topshiriqlarining ahamiyatini anglash, burch hissi, tartib-intizom, ikkinchisi bevosita qiziqish bilan bog'liq bo'lishi kerak. o'quv materiali... Ikkalasi ham zarur. beixtiyor diqqatni jamlash 2-BOB. Diqqatning asosiy xossalari Diqqat uni mustaqil psixik jarayon sifatida tavsiflovchi bir qator xususiyatlarga ega (B ilova). Diqqatning asosiy xususiyatlariga quyidagilar kiradi: barqarorlik, diqqatni jamlash, taqsimlash, o'tish, diqqatni jamlash. 2.1Barqarorlik Bu ma'lum vaqt davomida bir xil ob'ektga e'tibor qaratish qobiliyatidan iborat. Barqarorlik insonning bajarilgan ishning ahamiyatini, ahamiyatini tushunishiga bog'liq. Diqqatning barqarorligi turli sabablarga ko'ra belgilanishi mumkin. Ulardan ba'zilari insonning individual fiziologik xususiyatlari, xususan, uning asab tizimining xususiyatlari, vaqtning ma'lum bir daqiqasida tananing umumiy holati bilan bog'liq; boshqalari ruhiy holatlarni (qo'zg'alish, letargiya va boshqalarni) tavsiflaydi, uchinchilari motivatsiya (faoliyat mavzusiga qiziqishning mavjudligi yoki yo'qligi, uning shaxs uchun ahamiyati), uchinchisi - faoliyatning tashqi sharoitlari bilan bog'liq. Asab tizimi zaif yoki haddan tashqari hayajonlangan odamlar tezda charchab qolishlari va impulsiv bo'lishlari mumkin. Jismoniy jihatdan o'zini juda yaxshi his qilmaydigan odam, shuningdek, tartibsiz diqqat bilan ajralib turadi. Mavzuga qiziqishning yo'qligi diqqatni undan tez-tez chalg'itishga yordam beradi va aksincha, qiziqishning mavjudligi diqqatni uzoq vaqt davomida kuchaygan holatda ushlab turadi. Tashqi chalg'ituvchi daqiqalar yo'qligi bilan ajralib turadigan muhitda e'tibor juda barqaror. Juda ko'p chalg'ituvchi stimullar mavjud bo'lganda, u o'zgarib turadi, etarlicha barqaror bo'lmaydi. Hayotda e'tiborning umumiy barqarorligining o'ziga xos xususiyati ko'pincha ushbu omillarning birgalikdagi kombinatsiyasi bilan belgilanadi / Diqqatning barqarorligi, albatta, qo'shimcha ravishda, bir qator shartlarga bog'liq. Bularga quyidagilar kiradi: materialning xususiyatlari, uning qiyinchilik darajasi, tanishligi, tushunarliligi, sub'ektning unga bo'lgan munosabati, uning qiziqish darajasi. bu material va nihoyat, individual xususiyatlar shaxsiyat. Ikkinchidan, eng muhimi, birinchi navbatda, ongli irodali harakat orqali, diqqatni uzoq vaqt davomida ma'lum darajada ushlab turish qobiliyati, hatto u qaratilgan mazmun darhol qiziqish uyg'otmasa ham. diqqat markazida bo'lishi ma'lum qiyinchiliklarga to'la. U faoliyatning muayyan predmeti yoki tomoni bilan bog`lanishning mavjudligini bildiradi va bu bog`lanishning shiddatini ifodalaydi. Konsentratsiya - bu diqqatni jamlash, ya'ni diqqatni aks ettiruvchi asosiy fakt. Diqqatning konsentratsiyasi aqliy yoki ongli faoliyat to'plangan diqqatni anglatadi. Diqqatni jamlash tushunchasi bilan bir qatorda, konsentratsiyalangan diqqat ko'pincha psixologik adabiyotlarda bir yoki kichik miqdordagi ob'ektlarga kuchli diqqatni jamlash e'tibori sifatida tushuniladi. Bu holda diqqatning jamlanishi ikki belgining birligi bilan belgilanadi - diqqatning intensivligi va torligi. Diqqatning zichligi va torligi kontseptsiyasidagi birlashuv diqqatning intensivligi va uning hajmi bir-biriga teskari proportsional ekanligidan kelib chiqadi. Diqqat sohasi bir-biriga bog'liq bo'lmagan elementlardan iborat bo'lsa, bu asos odatda to'g'ri bo'ladi. Lekin unga semantik aloqalar kiritilganda, birlashtiruvchi turli elementlar o'zaro e'tibor sohasining qo'shimcha mazmun bilan kengayishi nafaqat konsentratsiyani kamaytirmaydi, balki ba'zan uni oshirishi mumkin. Shuning uchun biz diqqat konsentratsiyasini faqat konsentratsiyaning intensivligi bilan aniqlaymiz va unga diqqatning torligini kiritmaymiz. 2.3 Diqqatni taqsimlash Bu diqqatni bir nechta ob'ektlarga tarqatish yoki bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta harakatlarni muvaffaqiyatli bajarish qobiliyatidir. Shuning uchun diqqatni taqsimlashda biz uni bir emas, balki ikki yoki undan ortiq turli fokuslarda jamlash imkoniyati haqida gapiramiz. Bu bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta harakatlar ketma-ketligini bajarish va bir nechta mustaqil jarayonlarni ularning diqqat markazidan hech birini yo'qotmasdan kuzatish imkonini beradi. Ularning aytishicha, Napoleon bir vaqtning o'zida o'z kotiblariga yettita muhim diplomatik hujjatni aytib berishi mumkin edi. Ba'zi shaxmatchilar diqqat bilan bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta o'yinlarni o'ynashlari mumkin. Taqsimlangan e'tibor bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta mashinalarni kuzatishi kerak bo'lgan to'qimachilik ishchilari kabi ba'zi kasblar uchun professional muhim xususiyatdir. E'tiborni taqsimlash o'qituvchi uchun ham juda muhim, u sinfdagi barcha o'quvchilarni o'z ko'rish sohasida ushlab turishi kerak. Diqqatning taqsimlanishi diqqatni muhim makonga tarqatish, bir nechta faoliyat turlarini parallel ravishda bajarish yoki bir nechta turli harakatlarni bajarish qobiliyatidan iborat. E'tibor bering, diqqatni turli xil faoliyat turlari o'rtasida taqsimlash haqida gap ketganda, bu har doim ham ular tom ma'noda parallel ravishda amalga oshirilishini anglatmaydi. Bu kamdan-kam uchraydi va bunday taassurot odamning bir faoliyat turidan ikkinchisiga tezda o'tish qobiliyati, unutish sodir bo'lgunga qadar uzilib qolganning davomiga qaytishga ulgurishi tufayli yuzaga keladi. Bu xususiyat insonning psixologik va fiziologik holatiga bog'liq. Charchoq bilan, diqqatni jamlashni talab qiladigan murakkab ishlarni bajarish jarayonida uning tarqalish maydoni odatda torayadi. 2.4 Diqqatni almashtirish Diqqatning o'zgarishi - bu o'zgartirilgan sharoitlarga mos keladigan ba'zi o'rnatishlarni tezda o'chirish va yangilariga o'tish qobiliyati. Diqqatning o'zgaruvchanligi deganda uning bir ob'ektdan ikkinchisiga, bir faoliyat turidan boshqasiga o'tishi tushuniladi. Inson diqqatining bu xususiyati uning diqqatini bir ob'ektdan ikkinchisiga o'tkazish tezligida namoyon bo'ladi va bunday ko'chirish ham ixtiyoriy, ham ixtiyoriy bo'lishi mumkin. Birinchi holda, shaxs o'z e'tiborini beixtiyor uni tasodifan qiziqtirgan narsaga qaratadi, ikkinchidan - ongli ravishda, iroda harakati bilan u o'zini biron bir narsaga, hatto o'zi unchalik qiziq bo'lmagan narsaga qaratishga majbur qiladi. Diqqatning o'zgarishi, agar u ixtiyoriy asosda yuzaga kelsa, uning beqarorligini ko'rsatishi mumkin, ammo bunday beqarorlik har doim ham uni salbiy sifat deb hisoblash uchun sabab bo'lmaydi. U ko'pincha tananing vaqtincha dam olishiga, analizatorga, asab tizimining va umuman tananing ish qobiliyatini saqlash va tiklashga yordam beradi. O'tish qobiliyati e'tiborning moslashuvchanligini anglatadi - bu juda muhim va ko'pincha juda zarur sifat. O'zgartirish qulayligi turli odamlar har xil: ba'zilari - oson almashtirish bilan - oson va tez bir ishdan ikkinchisiga o'tish; boshqalarga "kirish" bor yangi ish ko'p yoki kamroq vaqt va katta kuch talab qiladigan qiyin operatsiya. O'tish tezligida sub'ektning individual xususiyatlari, xususan uning temperamenti ham ma'lum rol o'ynaydi. 2.5 Diqqat doirasi Diqqat miqdori, ya'ni diqqatni qamrab oladigan bir hil ob'ektlar soni masalasi alohida masaladir. Diqqat hajmi biz bir vaqtning o'zida etarlicha aniqlik bilan ushlay oladigan ob'ektlar sonini anglatadi. Ma'lumki, inson bir vaqtning o'zida turli narsalarni o'ylay olmaydi va turli ishlarni bajara olmaydi. Ushbu cheklov bizni tashqaridan kelayotgan ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash tizimining imkoniyatlaridan oshmaydigan qismlarga bo'lishga majbur qiladi. Diqqat miqdorining muhim va belgilovchi xususiyati shundaki, u o'rganish va o'qitish jarayonida amalda o'zgarmaydi. Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, diqqat hajmi tushunchasi idrok hajmi tushunchasiga, adabiyotda keng qo'llaniladigan aniq diqqat sohasi va noaniq diqqat sohasi tushunchalari esa juda yaqin. vizual idrok etish markazi va periferiya tushunchalari. Bizning e'tibor sohamizdagi o'zaro bog'langan elementlarning soni, agar bu elementlar mazmunli bir butunga birlashtirilsa, ancha ko'p bo'lishi mumkin. Diqqat miqdori o'zgaruvchan miqdor bo'lib, diqqat qaratilayotgan mazmunning bir-biri bilan qanchalik chambarchas bog'liqligiga, materialni mazmunli bog'lash va tuza bilish qobiliyatiga bog'liq. Oxirgi holat pedagogik amaliyotda e'tiborga olinishi, taqdim etilgan materialni talabalarning diqqat doirasini ortiqcha yuklamaydigan tarzda tizimlashtirishi kerak. Diqqat miqdori uning o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'lib, u bir vaqtning o'zida odamning ortib borayotgan diqqat (ong) sohasida qolishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlar miqdori bilan belgilanadi. Odamlarning o'rtacha e'tiborining soni xarakteristikasi 5-7 birlik ma'lumotdir. Odatda tajriba orqali o'rnatiladi, uning davomida juda qisqa vaqt ichida odamga katta hajmdagi ma'lumotlar taqdim etiladi. Bu vaqt ichida u nimaga e'tibor bera oladi, uning diqqatini jamlaydi. Diqqat miqdorini eksperimental aniqlash qisqa muddatli yodlash bilan bog'liq bo'lganligi sababli, u ko'pincha qisqa muddatli xotira miqdori bilan belgilanadi. Diqqatning turli xossalari - uning kontsentratsiyasi, hajmi va taqsimoti, o'zgaruvchanligi va barqarorligi ko'p jihatdan bir-biriga bog'liq emas: bir jihatdan yaxshi diqqat boshqasida u qadar mukammal bo'lmasligi mumkin. Shunday qilib, masalan, diqqatning yuqori konsentratsiyasi, olimlarning g'ayrioddiy beparvoligidan dalolat beradiki, zaif o'zgaruvchanlik bilan birlashishi mumkin. Diqqatning xususiyatlarini o'rganish uchun beparvolik masalasi katta ahamiyatga ega. Beparvolik odatda ikki xil narsa deb ataladi. Birinchidan, bema'nilik, ko'pincha, odam o'z atrofida hech narsani - na odamlarni va narsalarni, na turli xil hodisa va hodisalarni sezmasa, ortiqcha ish bilan shug'ullanish natijasi deb ataladi. Ushbu turdagi beparvolik odatda xayoliy beparvolik deb ataladi, chunki bu hodisa har qanday faoliyatga katta konsentratsiya natijasida yuzaga keladi. Beparvolikning fiziologik asosi miya yarim korteksida qo'zg'alishning kuchli o'chog'i bo'lib, u manfiy induksiya qonuniga ko'ra korteksning atrofdagi hududlarida inhibisyonni keltirib chiqaradi. Odam uzoq vaqt davomida biror narsaga diqqatini jamlay olmagan, doimiy ravishda bir narsa yoki hodisadan ikkinchisiga o'tganda, hech narsa ustida o'ylamasdan, butunlay boshqa turdagi beparvolik kuzatiladi. Bunday bema'nilik haqiqiy g'oyibonalik deyiladi. Haqiqiy beparvolik bilan og'rigan odamning ixtiyoriy diqqati o'ta beqarorlik va chalg'itish bilan tavsiflanadi. Fiziologik nuqtai nazardan, haqiqiy befarqlik ichki inhibisyonning etarli emasligi bilan izohlanadi. Tashqi signallar ta'sirida paydo bo'ladigan qo'zg'alish oson tarqaladi, lekin qiyinchilik bilan to'planadi. Natijada, tarqoq odamning miya yarim korteksida beqaror qo'zg'alish o'choqlari hosil bo'ladi. Haqiqiy bema'nilikning sabablari har xil. Ular asab tizimining umumiy buzilishi, qon kasalliklari, kislorod etishmasligi, jismoniy yoki ruhiy charchoq, og'ir hissiy stress bo'lishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, chinakam befarqlikning sabablaridan biri olingan taassurotlarning sezilarli soni, shuningdek, sevimli mashg'ulotlari va qiziqishlarining buzilishi bo'lishi mumkin. Xulosa Diqqatning asoslarini ko'rib chiqsak, u eng murakkab rivojlanish mahsuli ekanligini ta'kidlash mumkin. Shaxs diqqatining o'zboshimchaligi alohida ahamiyatga ega bo'lib, uning shakllanishi inson ongli faoliyatini tashkil etishning murakkab shaklining ichki mexanizmlarini tushunishga yo'l ochadi, bu uning barcha aqliy faoliyatida hal qiluvchi rolni ochib beradi. Hayotiy funktsiyalarni yaxshilash uchun e'tiborni rivojlantirish tananing boshqa har qanday fiziologik parametrlarini o'rgatish kabi muhimdir. Diqqat dunyoning rasmini aniqroq idrok etishga, aqliy vazifalarni hal qilishga, shuningdek, inson faoliyatining eng muhim omillarini tanlashga qaratilgan. Shuning uchun, psixologik holatingizni saqlab qolish uchun diqqatni qanday o'rgatish kerakligini aniq bilishingiz kerak. Ushbu ishda diqqatning shakllanishiga ta'sir qiluvchi asosiy yo'nalishlari, turlari va xususiyatlari ko'rib chiqildi. Qo'zg'alish jarayonlarining selektiv yo'nalishini belgilovchi va diqqat asosida yotadigan fiziologik mexanizmlar aniqlangan. Shuningdek, diqqat zarur bo'lganlarni faollashtiradi va hozirda kerak bo'lmagan psixologik va fiziologik jarayonlarni inhibe qiladi, tanaga kiradigan ma'lumotlarni uning haqiqiy ehtiyojlariga muvofiq tashkiliy va maqsadli tanlashga yordam beradi, aqliy faoliyatning bir xil ob'ekt yoki turga tanlab va uzoq muddatli konsentratsiyasini ta'minlaydi. faoliyati. Lug'at TushunchaTa’rif1Diqqat – sezgilar orqali kelayotgan bir ma’lumotni ongli yoki ongsiz ravishda tanlab olish jarayoni va ikkinchisiga e’tibor bermaslik 2 Ixtiyorsiz diqqat – iroda ishtiroki bilan bog’liq bo’lmagan diqqat turi 3 To’g’ridan-to’g’ri diqqat – boshqarmaydigan diqqat turi. u yo'naltirilgan ob'ektdan boshqa narsa va shaxsning haqiqiy qiziqishlari va ehtiyojlariga mos keladigan narsa 4 Diqqat miqdori bir vaqtning o'zida bir xil ravshanlik va aniqlik darajasi bilan idrok etiladigan ob'ektlar yoki ularning elementlari soni 5 Diqqatning vositachi turi. maxsus vositalar yordamida tartibga solinadi, masalan, imo-ishoralar, so'zlar, ko'rsatkichlar, ob'ektlar 6 Diqqatning birinchi funktsiyasi - zaruriylarni faollashtirish va keraksiz psixologik va fiziologik jarayonlarni inhibe qilishdir 7 Diqqatning ikkinchi funktsiyasi - uyushgan va maqsadli harakatga yordam berishdir. kiruvchi ma'lumotni tanlash 8 Diqqatni almashtirish - diqqatni bir ob'ektdan ikkinchisiga o'tkazish tezligida namoyon bo'ladigan xususiyat 9 O'zboshimchalik bilan e'tiborning ixtiyoriy tartibga solishni o'z ichiga olgan diqqat turi 10 Diqqatning taqsimlanishi, diqqatni muhim bo'shliqqa tarqatish, bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta faoliyat turlarini bajarish yoki bir nechta turli xil harakatlarni bajarish qobiliyatida namoyon bo'ladigan e'tibor xususiyati 11 Diqqatni jamlash - Diqqatning ayrim ob'ektlarga jamlanish darajasi va uni boshqalardan chalg'itishidagi farqlarda namoyon bo'ladigan diqqat xususiyati12 Diqqatning barqarorligi - har qanday ob'ektga, predmetga diqqat holatini saqlab turish qobiliyatida namoyon bo'ladigan diqqat xususiyati. uzoq vaqt davomida faoliyat. Diqqatni chalg'itmasdan yoki zaiflashtirmasdan 13 Diqqatni jamlash Ob'ektga ongni jamlash darajasi Foydalanilgan manbalar ro'yxati 1.Vygotskiy LS Oliy aqliy funktsiyalarning rivojlanish tarixi Sobr. sit .: 6 jildda. 3-jild / Otv. ed. A. V. Zaporojets. - M .: Pedagogika, 1983 .-- 367 b. S. 5-328. Dormyshev Yu. B., Romanov V. Ya. Diqqat psixologiyasi. - M: Trivola, 1995 .-- 357 b. 3. Dormashov Y.B., Romanov V.Ya. Diqqat psixologiyasi: Darslik / prof. V.P. Zinchenko. - 3-nashr, Rev. - M .: Flinta, 2002. - 376s. Maklakov A.G. Umumiy psixologiya.- SPb .: Piter, 2001.- 592 b.: kasal.- ("Yangi asr darsligi" seriyasi). Nemov R.S.: Psixologiya: talabalar uchun darslik. yuqoriroq. ped. muassasalar: 3 kn. - 4-nashr.-M .: gumanist. ed. markaz VLADOS, 2001.- 1-kitob: psixologiyaning umumiy asoslari.- 688 b. 6. Umumiy psixologiya: Talabalar uchun darslik. in-tov // Ed. A. V. Petrovskiy. - 3-nashr, Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan. va qo'shimcha - M .: Ta'lim, 1986 .-- 463 b. 7. Diqqat psixologiyasi / ed. Yu.B. Gippenrayter va V.Ya. Romanov. - M .: CheRo, 2001.- 858p. - (seriya: Psixologiyada o'quvchi). Rubinshteyn S.L .: Umumiy psixologiya asoslari.- SPb .: Piter, 2006.- 713p. Stankin M.I. Umumiy psixologiya: Inson psixikasining funktsional hodisalari - M .: MPSI; Voronej: "MOBEK" NPO nashriyoti, 2001.- 352s ("psixolog kutubxonasi" seriyasi). Uznadze D.N. Umumiy psixologiya / ed. I.V. Iedadze. - M .: Ma'nosi; SPb .: Piter, 2004.- 413 p .: kasal.- ("Tirik klassiklar" seriyasi). Shunga o'xshash ishlar - Diqqatning psixologik mohiyati va uning xususiyatlari Diqqat- psixikaning muayyan ob'ektlarga e'tiborini qaratish, ularga e'tibor berish. Diqqat- psixofiziologik jarayon, kognitiv faoliyatning dinamik xususiyatlarini tavsiflovchi holat, bu uning tashqi yoki ichki voqelikning nisbatan tor sohasiga konsentratsiyasida ifodalanadi, ma'lum bir vaqtda ongli bo'lib, o'z-o'zidan aqliy va aqliy qobiliyatlarni jamlaydi. ma'lum bir vaqt davomida insonning jismoniy kuchlari. Diqqat- Bu sezgilar orqali keladigan bir ma'lumotni ongli yoki ongsiz (yarim ongli) tanlash va ikkinchisini e'tiborsiz qoldirish jarayonidir. Diqqatning beshta asosiy xususiyati: 1.barqarorlik, 2. konsentratsiya, 3. o'zgaruvchanlik, 4. taqsimlash, Diqqatning barqarorligi- har qanday ob'ektga, faoliyat predmetiga diqqatni chalg'itmasdan yoki diqqatni zaiflashtirmasdan uzoq vaqt davomida diqqat holatini saqlab turish qobiliyati. Diqqatga qaratilgan(qarama-qarshi sifat - beparvolik) - farqlarda, diqqatni ba'zi ob'ektlarga jamlash darajasida va uni boshqalardan chalg'itishda namoyon bo'ladi. Diqqatni almashtirish- diqqatni bir ob'ektdan ikkinchisiga, bir faoliyat turidan ikkinchisiga o'tkazish. U o'z diqqatini bir ob'ektdan ikkinchisiga o'tkazish tezligida namoyon bo'ladi va bunday tarjima ham ixtiyoriy, ham o'zboshimchalik bilan bo'lishi mumkin. Diqqatni taqsimlash- diqqatni muhim makonga tarqatish qobiliyati, parallel ravishda bir nechta faoliyat turlarini bajarish yoki bir nechta turli harakatlarni bajarish. Diqqat hajmi- odamning diqqatini (ongini) oshirish sohasida bir vaqtning o'zida saqlanishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlar miqdori. Odamlarning o'rtacha e'tiborining soni xarakteristikasi 5-7 birlik ma'lumotdir. Diqqat funksiyalari: zaruriy jarayonlarni faollashtiradi va hozirgi paytda keraksiz bo'lgan psixologik va fiziologik jarayonlarni inhibe qiladi; tanaga kiradigan ma'lumotlarni uning haqiqiy ehtiyojlariga muvofiq tashkiliy va maqsadli tanlashga yordam beradi; aqliy faoliyatning bir xil ob'ekt yoki faoliyat turiga tanlab va uzoq muddatli konsentratsiyasini ta'minlaydi. idrokning aniqligi va tafsilotlarini aniqlaydi, xotiraning kuchi va selektivligini aniqlaydi; aqliy faoliyatning diqqatini va unumdorligini belgilaydi. idrok jarayonlari uchun o'ziga xos kuchaytirgich bo'lib, tasvirlar tafsilotlarini farqlash imkonini beradi. saqlay oladigan omil sifatida inson xotirasi uchun harakat qiladi zarur ma'lumotlar qisqa muddatli va operativ xotirada, yodlangan materialni uzoq muddatli xotiraga o'tkazishning zaruriy sharti sifatida. chunki fikrlash muammoni to'g'ri tushunish va hal qilishda ajralmas omil bo'lib xizmat qiladi. shaxslararo munosabatlar tizimida odamlarni yaxshiroq tushunish, bir-biriga moslashish, shaxslararo nizolarning oldini olish va o'z vaqtida hal qilishga yordam beradi. diqqatli odam yoqimli hamroh, xushmuomala va nozik muloqot sherigi sifatida aytiladi. E'tiborli odam etarlicha e'tiborli odamga qaraganda yaxshiroq va muvaffaqiyatli o'rganadi, hayotda ko'proq narsaga erishadi. Diqqatning asosiy turlari: tabiiy va ijtimoiy shartli e'tibor, bevosita va vositachi diqqat, ixtiyoriy va ixtiyoriy diqqat, hissiy va intellektual e'tibor. Tabiiy e'tibor- insonga uning tug'ilishidanoq ma'lumot yangiligi (yo'naltiruvchi refleks) elementlarini o'z ichiga olgan ma'lum tashqi yoki ichki ogohlantirishlarga tanlab javob berishning tug'ma qobiliyati shaklida beriladi. Ijtimoiy shartli e'tibor- tarbiya va tarbiya natijasida in vivo rivojlanadi, xulq-atvorni ixtiyoriy tartibga solish, ob'ektlarga tanlab ongli munosabat bilan bog'liq. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri e'tibor- hech narsa tomonidan boshqarilmaydi, u yo'naltirilgan va shaxsning haqiqiy manfaatlari va ehtiyojlariga mos keladigan ob'ektdan tashqari. Vositachi e'tibor- maxsus vositalar bilan tartibga solinadi, masalan, imo-ishoralar, so'zlar, ko'rsatkichlar, narsalar. Majburiy e'tibor- iroda ishtiroki bilan bog'liq emas, ma'lum vaqt davomida biror narsani ushlab turish va diqqatni jamlash uchun kuch talab qilmaydi. O'zboshimchalik bilan Diqqat- majburiy ravishda ixtiyoriy tartibga solishni o'z ichiga oladi, diqqatni ma'lum vaqt davomida biror narsaga qaratish va to'plash uchun harakatlarni talab qiladi, odatda motivlar yoki impulslar kurashi, kuchli, qarama-qarshi yo'naltirilgan va bir-biri bilan raqobatlashadigan manfaatlarning mavjudligi; Sezuvchan Diqqat - hissiyotlar va sezgilarning tanlab ishi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, ong markazida har qanday hissiy taassurot mavjud. Intellektual e'tibor- asosan fikrning konsentratsiyasi va yo'nalishi bilan bog'liq, qiziqish ob'ekti fikrdir. Diqqat buzilishining shakllari: 1. Diqqatning kuchayishi- diqqatning haddan tashqari harakatchanligi, bir ob'ektdan va faoliyat turidan ikkinchisiga doimiy o'tish; 2. Diqqatning qisqarishi; 3. Diqqatning inertsiyasi (past harakatchanligi).- diqqatni o'z vaqtida tez almashtirish yoki patologik aniqlashning mumkin emasligi; 4. Gipo- va aprozeksiya – imkonsizlik talab qilingan vaqt ichida biror narsaga e'tibor qaratish va e'tiborni to'liq yo'qotish. Kirish Diqqat inson hayotida katta ahamiyatga ega. Har qanday faoliyatni amalga oshirish uchun zaruriy shartdir. Bu bizning barcha aqliy jarayonlarimizni to'liq bajaradigan diqqat; faqat diqqat atrofimizdagi dunyoni idrok etish imkonini beradi. Ammo e'tibor faqat muvaffaqiyatli faoliyat uchun shart emas. Shuningdek, u shaxsiyatning umumiy tuzilishi, insonning ijtimoiy yo'nalishi haqida ko'p narsalarni aytishi mumkin. Diqqat muammosi an'anaviy ravishda ilmiy psixologiyaning eng muhim va murakkab muammolaridan biri hisoblanadi. Diqqat muammolarini o'rganishda turli psixologlar ishtirok etdilar, bular, masalan, A.R.Luriya, S.L.Rubinshteyn, L.S. Vygotskiy, A. N. Leontiev va boshqa ko'plab psixologlar. Ularning barchasi, shubhasiz, aqliy jarayon sifatida diqqat haqidagi ta'limotga ulkan hissa qo'shgan. E'tibor deganda, biz kerakli ma'lumotlarni tanlash, saylovoldi harakat dasturlarini ta'minlash va ularning borishi ustidan doimiy nazoratni ta'minlashning maqsadli jarayonini tushunamiz. Bizning ongimizning tanlab olish jarayoni, xususan, hissiyotlarni idrok etishda ham, harakat jarayonlarida ham, fikrlashda ham inson faoliyatining tabiatini belgilaydi. Agar bunday selektivlik bo'lmaganida, barcha kiruvchi tanlanmagan ma'lumotlar shunchalik tezlikda to'planganki, biz uni idrok etishga vaqtimiz yo'q edi. Binobarin, hech qanday aqliy faoliyat mumkin emas, psixologik jarayonlar o'z ma'nosini yo'qotadi. Shuning uchun diqqatni jamlash uchun zarur bo'lgan jarayonlar va hodisalarni farqlash, diqqatning eng to'liq tuzilishini tashkil etuvchi shartlarni aqliy va psixologik faoliyat jarayoni sifatida ko'rib chiqish kerak. Shuning uchun men ushbu mavzu psixologiya uchun dolzarb deb hisoblayman, chunki diqqatni to'liq quvvat bilan ishlatish shartlarini to'liq tahlil qilish zarur. Yuqoridagilardan biz maqsadni shakllantirishimiz mumkin, ya'ni diqqat va xususiyatlarning asosiy turlarini o'rganish, ularning shaxs tomonidan ma'lumotni idrok etishga ta'sirini kuzatish. Kurs ishining maqsadi muammolarni hal qilishni aniqladi: Diqqatni psixik jarayon sifatida ko'rib chiqish va tahlil qilish. Diqqatning fiziologik xususiyatlarini va asoslarini ochish. Diqqat tushunchasi va mohiyati Diqqatning mohiyati Diqqat inson faoliyatining barcha turlari, birinchi navbatda, mehnat va ta'lim samaradorligining muhim va zarur shartidir. Ish qanchalik qiyin va mas'uliyatli bo'lsa, u shunchalik ko'p e'tibor talab qiladi. Ehtiyotkorlik inson uchun kundalik hayotida - kundalik hayotda, boshqa odamlar bilan muloqotda, sportda zarurdir. Talabalarning diqqat-e'tibori o'quv jarayonini muvaffaqiyatli tashkil etishning asosiy shartlaridan biridir. Hatto buyuk rus o‘qituvchisi K.D.Ushinskiy ham ta’lim berishda diqqatning rolini ta’kidlab, shunday deb yozgan edi: “...diqqat aynan shunday eshikki, u orqali faqat tashqi dunyodan inson ruhiga kiradigan hamma narsa o‘tadi”. Ko'rinib turibdiki, bolalarni bu eshiklarni ochiq saqlashga o'rgatish birinchi navbatdagi masala bo'lib, uning muvaffaqiyati butun ta'limning muvaffaqiyatiga asoslanadi. Diqqat nima? Bu savolga javob berish uchun o'quvchi matematikadan uy vazifasini bajarayotganini tasavvur qiling. U muammoni hal qilishda butunlay chuqur, diqqatini unga qaratadi, uning shartlarini o'ylaydi, bir hisobdan ikkinchisiga o'tadi. Ushbu epizodlarning har birini tavsiflab, shuni aytishimiz mumkinki, u o'z ishiga diqqat bilan qaraydi, u boshqalardan ajratib turadigan narsalarga e'tibor beradi. Bu barcha holatlarda uning aqliy faoliyati biror narsaga qaratilgan yoki biror narsaga qaratilgan deb aytishimiz mumkin. Aqliy faoliyatning ma'lum bir narsaga yo'naltirilishi va jamlanishi diqqat deyiladi. Kognitiv jarayonlarning borishining eng muhim xususiyati ularning selektiv, yo'naltirilganligidir. Atrofdagi dunyoning ko'plab ta'siridan odam doimo nimanidir idrok etadi, nimanidir ifodalaydi, aks ettiradi, nimadir haqida o'ylaydi. Ongning bu xususiyati uning diqqat kabi xususiyati bilan bog'liq. Kognitiv jarayonlardan farqli o'laroq, diqqat o'ziga xos tarkibga ega emas, u barcha kognitiv jarayonlarning dinamik tomonidir. Barcha bilish jarayonlari, xoh u idrok, xoh tafakkur, ularda aks ettirilgan u yoki bu ob'ektga qaratilgan: biz nimanidir idrok qilamiz, o'ylaymiz va nimanidir, biz nimanidir tasavvur qilamiz yoki tasavvur qilamiz. Shu bilan birga, u idrokni o'z-o'zidan idrok etmaydi va fikr bilan o'z-o'zidan o'ylamaydi; inson idrok qiladi va o'ylaydi - idrok qiluvchi va fikrlaydigan shaxs. Shuning uchun ham biz hozirgacha o‘rgangan jarayonlarning har birida shaxsning olamga, sub’ektning ob’ektga, ongning ob’ektga qandaydir munosabati doimo mavjud bo‘ladi. Bu munosabat e'tiborda o'z ifodasini topadi. Biz nafaqat eshitganimizda, balki tinglaganimizda yoki hatto tinglaganimizda, nafaqat ko'rganimizda, balki qaraganimizda yoki hatto tengdoshimiz bo'lganimizda, ya'ni ob'ektivni bilish yoki aks ettirish jarayonida bizning kognitiv faoliyatimizning faolligi ta'kidlanganda yoki kuchayganda diqqatli bo'lamiz. haqiqat. Diqqat, birinchi navbatda, kognitiv faoliyat kursining dinamik xarakteristikasi: u aqliy faoliyatning ma'lum bir ob'ekt bilan ustun bog'liqligini ifodalaydi, xuddi diqqat markazida bo'lgandek. Diqqat - bu ma'lum bir ob'ektga tanlab yo'naltirish va unga diqqatni jamlash, ob'ektga qaratilgan kognitiv faoliyatning chuqurligi. Shaxsning qiziqishlari va ehtiyojlari, munosabati va yo'nalishi doimo e'tibor orqasida. Ular ob'ektga munosabatning o'zgarishiga olib keladi. Ob'ektga bo'lgan munosabatning o'zgarishi esa diqqatda - bu ob'ekt qiyofasining o'zgarishida, ongning berilganligida ifodalanadi: u yanada aniqroq va aniqroq bo'ladi, go'yo yanada qavariq. Shunday qilib, diqqat boshqa jarayonlarda namoyon bo'ladigan o'ziga xos mazmunga ega bo'lmasa-da, lekin unda faoliyat va tasvir o'rtasidagi munosabatlar o'ziga xos tarzda ochiladi. Diqqatning o'zgarishi kognitiv faoliyat yo'naltirilgan mazmunning ravshanligi va aniqligining o'zgarishida ifodalanadi. Diqqat faoliyat bilan chambarchas bog'liq. Birinchidan, xususan, filogenetik rivojlanishning dastlabki bosqichlarida u bevosita amaliy faoliyatga, xulq-atvorga kiradi. Diqqat birinchi navbatda hushyorlik, hushyorlik, birinchi signalda harakatga tayyorlik, bu signalni harakat manfaati yo'lida idrok etishga safarbarlik sifatida yuzaga keladi. Shu bilan birga, ushbu dastlabki bosqichlarda e'tibor ham harakatga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun xizmat qiladigan letargiyani anglatadi. Diqqat, uning mavjudligi yoki yo'qligi haqida gapirish faqat biron bir faoliyat turiga - amaliy yoki nazariyaga nisbatan qo'llanilishi mumkin. Inson o'z fikrlarining yo'nalishi uning faoliyati yo'nalishi bilan tartibga solinsa, diqqatli bo'ladi va shuning uchun ikkala yo'nalish ham mos keladi. U inson hayoti va faoliyatida juda ko'p turli funktsiyalarni bajaradi. Keling, asosiylarini ko'rib chiqaylik. Diqqat ma'lum taassurotlar yoki fikrlarga qaratiladi va boshqa, hozirgi paytda keraksiz taassurot va fikrlardan chalg'itadi. Boshqacha aytganda, diqqat ishtirok etuvchi bilish jarayoni tanlab olish xususiyati bilan ajralib turadi, diqqat esa tanlash vazifasini bajaradi. Tanlovning ikki tomoni bor va ikkalasi ham diqqat ishida mujassamlangan. Tanlovning ijobiy tomoni - bu omon qolish uchun ham, bilish sub'ektining o'zi qo'ygan maqsadlarga erishish uchun ham zarur bo'lgan narsani tanlashdir. Salbiy tomoni - kerakli narsani idrok etish va tushunishga xalaqit beradigan keraksiz, keraksiz narsalarni tashlab yuborish. Diqqat "ongni jamlash" bilan bog'liq bo'lib, biz ma'lum vaqt davomida ongning "diqqat markazida" ushlab turishimiz va har tomondan o'rganishimiz mumkin bo'lgan bilimlarimiz mavzusiga diqqatni jamlash bilan bog'liq. Bu erda diqqat, aks holda boshqa, yangi va kuchli taassurotlar bilan almashtirilgan taassurotlarni yoki fikrlarni saqlab qolish funktsiyasini bajaradi. Diqqatni saqlash odatda sub'ektiv harakat tajribasi bilan birga keladi. Bu ikki funktsiya diqqatning ikki tomoniga, uning ikki tomoniga mos keladi, diqqatning turli hodisalarida namoyon bo'ladi: diqqatning tanlab olish tomoni tanlash funktsiyasi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, diqqat harakatlarining tanlanganligida namoyon bo'ladi; Diqqatning intensivlik jihati diqqatni ushlab turish funktsiyasi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, uning konsentratsiyasida va u bilan birga keladigan harakat tajribasida namoyon bo'ladi. Diqqat- bu ongning har qanday real yoki ideal ob'ektga yo'nalishi va kontsentratsiyasi, bu shaxsning hissiy, intellektual yoki motor faolligi darajasini oshirishni nazarda tutadi. Diqqatning o'ziga xos organik asosi bor, bu diqqatning ishlashini ta'minlaydigan va uning turli xususiyatlarining tashqi ko'rinishi uchun javobgar bo'lgan miya tuzilmalari. Inson miyasini tashkil etuvchi bir necha milliard nerv hujayralari orasida ayniqsa diqqat ishi bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lganlar bor. Ular neyronlar - yangilik detektorlari deb ataladi. Bunday nerv hujayralari boshqalardan farqi shundaki, ular kishi o‘z his-tuyg‘ulari va idroklarida o‘zi uchun yangi bo‘lgan, diqqatini o‘ziga tortadigan ba’zi predmet va hodisalarga duch kelgandagina faol mehnatga kiritiladi. Odatiy bo'lib qolgan tirnash xususiyati beruvchi moddalar odatda hujayralarning reaktsiyalarini keltirib chiqarmaydi - yangilik detektorlari. Bunday hujayralar odamning beixtiyor e'tiborini jalb qilish uchun javobgar bo'lib ko'rinadi. Diqqatning umumiy holati, xususan, uning barqarorligi kabi xarakteristikasi, ko'rinishidan, retikulyar shakllanish ishi bilan bog'liq. Bu nerv tolalarining eng yupqa tarmog'i bo'lib, u markaziy asab tizimida miya va orqa miya o'rtasida chuqur joylashgan bo'lib, birinchining pastki qismlarini va ikkinchisining yuqori qismlarini qoplaydi. Retikulyar shakllanish orqali periferik sezgi a'zolaridan miyaga va aksincha olib boruvchi nerv yo'llari o'tadi. Retikulyar shakllanish shuningdek, miya yarim korteksining ohangini va retseptorlarning sezgirligini tartibga soladi, diqqatning dinamik xususiyatlarini o'zgartiradi: uning konsentratsiyasi, barqarorligi va boshqalar. Diqqatning funktsiyalari va turlari Inson hayoti va faoliyatida diqqat juda ko'p turli funktsiyalarni bajaradi. U zaruriy jarayonlarni faollashtiradi va hozirda kerak bo'lmagan psixologik va fiziologik jarayonlarni inhibe qiladi, tanaga kiradigan ma'lumotlarni uning haqiqiy ehtiyojlariga muvofiq tashkiliy va maqsadli tanlashga yordam beradi, aqliy faoliyatning bir xil ob'ekt yoki faoliyat turiga tanlab va uzoq muddatli konsentratsiyasini ta'minlaydi. . Keling, diqqatning asosiy turlarini ko'rib chiqaylik. Bular tabiiy va ijtimoiy shartli diqqat, ixtiyorsiz, ixtiyoriy va ixtiyordan keyingi diqqat, hissiy va intellektual diqqat. Shaxsning diqqatni tashkil etishdagi faolligiga ko'ra diqqatning uch turi ajratiladi: ixtiyoriy, ixtiyoriy va ixtiyordan keyingi. Majburiy e'tibor- bu tirnash xususiyati beruvchi o'ziga xosligi tufayli ongning ob'ektga to'planishi. Ixtiyoriy diqqat - bu faoliyat talablari bilan yo'naltirilgan, ob'ektga ongli ravishda tartibga solinadigan konsentratsiya. Ixtiyoriy e'tibor bilan, diqqatni jamlash nafaqat hissiy jihatdan yoqimli narsaga, balki nima qilish kerakligi haqida ham ko'proq sodir bo'ladi. Taxminan 20 daqiqadan so'ng, odam bunday e'tiborni ishlatishdan charchaydi. Ixtiyorsiz diqqat iroda ishtiroki bilan bog'lanmaydi, ixtiyoriylik esa ixtiyoriy tartibga solishni o'z ichiga oladi. Va nihoyat, ixtiyoriy diqqat, ixtiyoriy diqqatdan farqli o'laroq, odatda motivlar yoki impulslar kurashi, kuchli, qarama-qarshi yo'naltirilgan va bir-biri bilan raqobatlashadigan manfaatlarning mavjudligi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, ularning har biri o'z-o'zidan diqqatni jalb qilish va ushlab turish qobiliyatiga ega. Bunda odam maqsadni ongli ravishda tanlaydi va iroda sa'y-harakatlari bilan manfaatlardan birini bostirib, butun diqqatini boshqasini qondirishga qaratadi. Ammo bunday holat ixtiyoriy diqqat saqlanib qolganda ham mumkin va uni saqlab qolish uchun iroda harakatlari endi talab qilinmaydi. Bu, agar odam ish bilan shug'ullansa, sodir bo'ladi. Bu e'tibor post-ixtiyoriy deb ataladi. O'zining psixologik xususiyatlariga ko'ra, ixtiyoriy e'tibordan keyingi diqqat uni ixtiyoriy diqqatga yaqinlashtiradigan xususiyatlarga ega, ammo ular orasida sezilarli farq ham mavjud. Post-ixtiyoriy diqqat qiziqish asosida yuzaga keladi, lekin bu ob'ektning xususiyatlari bilan rag'batlantirilgan qiziqish emas, balki shaxsning yo'nalishining namoyon bo'lishi. Post-ixtiyoriy e'tibor bilan faoliyatning o'zi ehtiyoj sifatida boshdan kechiriladi va uning natijasi shaxsan ahamiyatlidir. Post-spontan e'tibor bir necha soat davom etishi mumkin. Shaxsning amaliy faoliyatida ko'rib chiqiladigan uch xil e'tibor o'zaro o'tishlar bilan chambarchas bog'liq va bir-biriga tayanadi. Tabiiy e'tibor axborot yangiligi elementlarini o'z ichiga olgan ma'lum tashqi yoki ichki ogohlantirishlarga tanlab javob berish uchun tug'ma qobiliyat shaklida shaxsga uning tug'ilishidan beri berilgan. Bunday e'tiborning ishini ta'minlovchi asosiy mexanizmga yo'naltiruvchi refleks deyiladi. Bu, yuqorida aytib o'tganimizdek, retikulyar shakllanish va neyronlar - yangilik detektorlari faoliyati bilan bog'liq. Ijtimoiy shartli diqqat tarbiya va tarbiya natijasida in vivo rivojlanadi, xulq-atvorni ixtiyoriy tartibga solish, ob'ektlarga tanlab ongli munosabat bilan bog'liq. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri e'tibor u yo'naltirilgan va shaxsning haqiqiy manfaatlari va ehtiyojlariga mos keladigan ob'ektdan tashqari, hech narsa tomonidan boshqarilmaydi. Vositachi e'tibor maxsus vositalar bilan tartibga solinadi, masalan, imo-ishoralar, so'zlar, ko'rsatkichlar, narsalar. Hissiy e'tibor asosan hissiyotlar va sezgilarning tanlab ishi bilan bog'liq. Intellektual e'tibor fikrning konsentratsiyasi va yo'nalishi bilan bog'liq. Sensor diqqat bilan ong markazida hissiy taassurot, intellektual diqqatda esa qiziqish ob'ekti fikrlashdir. Diqqatning xususiyatlari Diqqat ma'lum parametr va xususiyatlarga ega bo'lib, ular ko'p jihatdan inson qobiliyatlari va imkoniyatlariga xosdir. Diqqatning asosiy xususiyatlari odatda quyidagilardan iborat. 1. Diqqat... Bu ma'lum bir ob'ektga ongning kontsentratsiyasi darajasining ko'rsatkichi, u bilan aloqa qilish intensivligi. Diqqatning jamlanishi insonning barcha psixologik faoliyatining o'ziga xos vaqtinchalik markazi (fokus) shakllanishini anglatadi. 2. Intensivlik e'tibor idrok, fikrlash, xotira samaradorligini va umuman ongning ravshanligini belgilovchi sifatdir. Faoliyatga qiziqish qanchalik ko'p bo'lsa (uning ma'nosini anglash qanchalik katta bo'lsa) va faoliyat qanchalik qiyin bo'lsa (odamga u qanchalik kam tanish bo'lsa), chalg'ituvchi stimullarning ta'siri qanchalik kuchli bo'lsa, diqqat shunchalik kuchli bo'ladi. 3. Barqarorlik... Uzoq vaqt davomida saqlash qobiliyati yuqori darajalar konsentratsiya va diqqatning intensivligi. Bu asab tizimining turi, temperamenti, motivatsiyasi (yangilik, ehtiyojning ahamiyati, shaxsiy manfaatlar), shuningdek, inson faoliyatining tashqi sharoitlari bilan belgilanadi. Diqqatning barqarorligi nafaqat kiruvchi stimullarning yangiligi, balki ularning takrorlanishi bilan ham quvvatlanadi. Diqqatning barqarorligi uning dinamik xususiyatlari bilan bog'liq: tebranishlar va o'zgaruvchanlik. Diqqatning tebranishlari deb diqqat intensivligining davriy qisqa muddatli ixtiyoriy o'zgarishlari tushuniladi. Diqqatning tebranishlari sezgilar intensivligining vaqtinchalik o'zgarishida namoyon bo'ladi. Shunday qilib, juda zaif, zo'rg'a eshitiladigan tovushni, masalan, soatning tiqilishini tinglagan odam, ba'zida tovushni sezadi, keyin uni sezishni to'xtatadi. Diqqatning bunday tebranishlari turli davrlarda, 2-3 dan 12 soniyagacha amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Eng uzun tebranishlar tovushli stimullar paydo bo'lganda, keyin vizual stimullar bilan va eng qisqasi - taktil stimulyatorlar bilan kuzatildi. 4. Hajmi- diqqat markazida bir hil qo'zg'atuvchilar sonining ko'rsatkichi (kattalarda 4 dan 6 tagacha, bolada 2-3 dan ko'p bo'lmagan). Diqqat miqdori nafaqat genetik omillarga, balki shaxsning qisqa muddatli xotirasining imkoniyatlariga ham bog'liq. Qabul qilinadigan ob'ektlarning xususiyatlari (ularning bir xilligi, o'zaro bog'liqligi) va sub'ektning o'zining kasbiy mahorati ham muhimdir. 5. Oʻtish Diqqat deganda faoliyatning bir turidan boshqasiga ko'proq yoki kamroq oson va etarlicha tez o'tish imkoniyati tushuniladi. Kommutatsiya funktsional jihatdan ikkita ko'p yo'nalishli jarayon bilan bog'liq: diqqatni yoqish va o'chirish. O'tish o'zboshimchalik bilan bo'lishi mumkin, keyin uning tezligi sub'ektning o'z idrokini ixtiyoriy nazorat qilish darajasining ko'rsatkichi va beixtiyor, chalg'itish bilan bog'liq, bu psixikaning beqarorlik darajasining ko'rsatkichi yoki kuchli kutilmagan hodisalarning paydo bo'lishini ko'rsatadi. stimullar. Kommutatsiyaning samaradorligi oldingi va keyingi faoliyatni bajarish xususiyatlariga bog'liq (o'tish ko'rsatkichlari oson faoliyatdan qiyinga o'tish bilan sezilarli darajada kamayadi va aksincha bariant bilan ular ortadi). O'tishning muvaffaqiyati odamning oldingi faoliyatga bo'lgan munosabati bilan bog'liq bo'lib, oldingi faoliyat qanchalik qiziqarli bo'lsa va keyingisi kamroq qiziqarli bo'lsa, uni almashtirish shunchalik qiyin bo'ladi. O'zgaruvchanlikda sezilarli individual farqlar mavjud, bu asab tizimining asab jarayonlarining harakatchanligi kabi xususiyati bilan bog'liq. Faoliyat ob'ektlarida tez-tez va keskin o'zgarishlar bilan shug'ullanadigan ko'plab zamonaviy kasblar (to'quvchi, mexanik, menejer, operator va boshqalar) mavjud. yuqori talablar e'tiborni o'zgartirish qobiliyatiga. Ta'lim jarayonida diqqatni o'zgartirish ham katta ahamiyatga ega. Talabalar, talabalar e'tiborini o'zgartirish zarurati jarayonning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari bilan bog'liq: kun davomida turli mavzularning o'zgarishi, sinfda materialni o'rganish bosqichlarining ketma-ketligi, bu tur va shakllarning o'zgarishini nazarda tutadi. faoliyati. Diqqatning ongli ravishda o'zgarishidan farqli o'laroq, chalg'itish diqqatni asosiy faoliyatdan begona narsalarga beixtiyor uzib qo'yishdir. Chalg'itish ish samaradorligiga salbiy ta'sir qiladi. Chetdan qo'zg'atuvchilarning chalg'ituvchi ta'siri bajarilayotgan ishning tabiatiga bog'liq. To'satdan, vaqti-vaqti bilan, kutilmagan ogohlantirishlar, shuningdek, his-tuyg'ular bilan bog'liq bo'lganlar juda chalg'itadi. Monoton ishning uzoq davom etishi bilan, charchoqning kuchayishi bilan yon stimulyatorlarning ta'siri kuchayadi. Chetdan qo'zg'atuvchilarning chalg'ituvchi ta'siri tashqi tayanchlar bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan aqliy faoliyatda ko'proq namoyon bo'ladi. Vizual idrokdan ko'ra eshitish idroki bilan kuchliroqdir. Chalg'ituvchi omillarga qarshi turish qobiliyati shovqinga qarshi immunitet deb ataladi. Odamlarda bu qobiliyatni rivojlantirishda asab tizimidagi farqlar, ya'ni uning kuchi va shovqin immunitetini oshirishga qaratilgan maxsus tayyorgarlik tufayli sezilarli individual farqlar kuzatiladi. 6. Tarqatish, ya'ni diqqatni bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta ob'ektlarga qaratish qobiliyati. Shu bilan birga, diqqatning bir nechta fokuslari (markazlari) shakllanadi, bu bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta harakatlarni bajarish yoki bir nechta jarayonlarni diqqat maydonidan yo'qotmasdan kuzatish imkonini beradi. Kompleksda zamonaviy turlar mehnat faoliyati bir necha xil, lekin bir vaqtning o'zida sodir bo'ladigan jarayonlardan (harakatlardan) iborat bo'lishi mumkin, ularning har biri turli vazifalarga mos keladi. Misol uchun, dastgohda ishlaydigan to'quvchi ko'plab monitoring va nazorat operatsiyalarini bajarishi kerak. Bu tikuvchilar, haydovchilar, operatorlar va boshqa kasblarning faoliyatiga ham tegishli. Bunday barcha tadbirlarda ishchi e'tiborni taqsimlashi kerak, ya'ni. bir vaqtning o'zida uni turli jarayonlarga (ob'ektlarga) qaratish. O'qituvchi faoliyatida e'tiborni taqsimlash qobiliyati alohida rol o'ynaydi. Masalan, darsda materialni tushuntirayotganda, o'qituvchi bir vaqtning o'zida nutqini va taqdimot mantiqini kuzatishi va o'quvchilarning materialni qanday qabul qilishini kuzatishi kerak. Diqqatning taqsimlanish darajasi bir qator shartlarga bog'liq: birlashtirilgan faoliyat turlarining tabiatiga (ular bir hil va har xil bo'lishi mumkin), ularning murakkabligiga (va shu nuqtai nazardan, zarur ruhiy stress darajasiga), ular bilan tanishish va tanishlik darajasi (asosiy texnikani o'zlashtirish darajasi bo'yicha faoliyat). Birlashtirilgan faoliyat qanchalik murakkab bo'lsa, diqqatni taqsimlash shunchalik qiyin bo'ladi. Aqliy va harakat faoliyati birlashganda, aqliy faoliyatning unumdorligi vosita faoliyatiga qaraganda ko'proq darajada pasayishi mumkin. Ikki turdagi aqliy faoliyatni birlashtirish qiyin. Diqqatni taqsimlash, agar bajarilayotgan faoliyatning har biri odamga tanish bo'lsa va biri ma'lum darajada tanish, avtomatlashtirilgan (yoki avtomatlashtirilgan bo'lishi mumkin) bo'lsa, mumkin. Birlashtirilgan faoliyatning avtomatlashtirilgan biri qanchalik kam bo'lsa, diqqatning taqsimlanishi shunchalik zaif bo'ladi. Agar faoliyat turlaridan biri to'liq avtomatlashtirilgan bo'lsa va uni muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirish uchun faqat ongni davriy nazorat qilish kerak bo'lsa, diqqatning murakkab shakli qayd etiladi - kommutatsiya va taqsimlash kombinatsiyasi. Diqqatni rivojlantirish Diqqat psixik jarayon sifatida, ongning muayyan ob'ektlarga qaratilishida ifodalangan, ko'pincha o'zini namoyon qiladi, asta-sekin shaxsning barqaror xususiyatiga - diqqatlilikka aylanadi. Bunday holda, ob'ektlar doirasi u yoki bu faoliyat turi bilan cheklanishi mumkin (va keyin ular ushbu turdagi faoliyatda shaxsning diqqatliligi haqida gapirishadi, ko'pincha bu professional faoliyat), barcha turdagi faoliyat turlariga taalluqli bo'lishi mumkin. faoliyat (bu holda ular shaxsiyatning umumiy mulki sifatida e'tiborlilik haqida gapirishadi). Odamlar bu mulkning rivojlanish darajasida farqlanadi, ekstremal holat ko'pincha e'tiborsizlik deb ataladi. Muhandis uchun nafaqat ishchilarda e'tiborning shakllanish darajasi qanday ekanligini, balki uning e'tiborsizligi sabablarini ham bilishi amaliy jihatdan muhimdir, chunki diqqat bilan bog'liq. kognitiv jarayonlar va shaxsning hissiy va irodaviy sohasi. E'tiborsizlik shakllariga qarab, uning uch turi haqida gapirish mumkin. Birinchi tur - beparvolik - diqqatni chalg'itish va juda past intensivlik bilan yuzaga keladi, haddan tashqari oson va ixtiyoriy ravishda ob'ektdan ob'ektga o'tadi, lekin hech qanday holatda qolmaydi. Diqqatning bunday turi majoziy ma'noda "to'lqinli" diqqat deb ataladi. Insondagi bunday e'tiborsizlik konsentratsiyalangan ish uchun ko'nikmalarning etishmasligi natijasidir. E'tiborsizlikning yana bir turi yuqori intensivlik va diqqatni qiyin almashtirish bilan tavsiflanadi. Bunday e'tiborsizlik insonning diqqatini u hissiy jihatdan idrok etgan, avval sodir bo'lgan yoki duch kelgan ba'zi hodisa yoki hodisalarga qaratganligi sababli paydo bo'lishi mumkin. Uchinchi turdagi e'tiborsizlik - ortiqcha ishning natijasi bo'lib, bu turdagi e'tibor asabiy jarayonlarning kuchi va harakatchanligining doimiy yoki vaqtincha pasayishi natijasida yuzaga keladi. Bu diqqatning juda zaif konsentratsiyasi va hatto uning o'zgaruvchanligi zaifligi bilan tavsiflanadi. Zehnini shakllantirish insonning mehnat va tarbiya faoliyati jarayonida uning diqqatini boshqarishdan iborat. Shu bilan birga, uning diqqatini shakllantirishga yordam beradigan shart-sharoitlarni yaratish kerak: uni turli xil sharoitlarda, chalg'ituvchi omillar ta'siriga berilmasdan ishlashga o'rgatish; ixtiyoriy diqqatni jalb qilish; o'zlashtirilgan ish turining ijtimoiy ahamiyatini anglash va bajarilgan ish uchun mas'uliyat tuyg'usiga erishish; e'tiborni sanoat mehnat intizomi talablari bilan bog'lash va hokazo. Diqqatning hajmi va taqsimlanishi ish tezligining oshishi sharoitida bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta harakatlarni bajarishning ma'lum bir mehnat mahorati sifatida shakllanishi kerak. Diqqat barqarorligining rivojlanishi shaxsning irodaviy fazilatlarini shakllantirish orqali ta'minlanishi kerak. Diqqatni almashtirishni rivojlantirish uchun "o'tish marshrutlari" ni oldindan tushuntirish bilan tegishli mashqlarni tanlash kerak. Insonda e'tiborni shakllantirishning asosiy sharti hech qanday holatda uning biron bir ishni beparvolik bilan bajarishiga yo'l qo'ymaslikdir. Diqqat psixikaning (ongning) shaxs uchun barqaror yoki situatsion ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan muayyan ob'ektlarga qaratilishi, psixikaning (ongning) kontsentratsiyasi bo'lib, bu hissiy, intellektual yoki harakat faolligining ortib borishini nazarda tutadi. Diqqatni murakkab psixik hodisa sifatida tavsiflab, bir qator diqqat funktsiyalari ajralib turadi. Diqqatning mohiyati, birinchi navbatda, mazmunli, tegishli, ya'ni tanlashda namoyon bo'ladi. ehtiyojlarga mos keladigan, berilgan faoliyatga mos keladigan va boshqa - ahamiyatsiz, yon, raqobatdosh ta'sirlarni e'tiborsiz qoldiradigan (inhibe qilish, bartaraf etish) ta'sirlari. Tanlash funktsiyasi bilan bir qatorda bu faoliyatni tutish (saqlash) funktsiyasi (tasvirlar ongida saqlanish, ma'lum bir ob'ektiv mazmun) xulq-atvor akti, kognitiv faoliyat tugagunga qadar, maqsadga erishilgunga qadar farqlanadi. Diqqatning eng muhim funktsiyalaridan biri bu faoliyatning borishini tartibga solish va nazorat qilishdir. Diqqat hissiy va mnemonik, fikrlash va harakat jarayonlarida ham namoyon bo'lishi mumkin. Sensor e'tibor turli modallik (turi) qo'zg'atuvchilarini idrok etish bilan bog'liq. Shu munosabat bilan vizual va eshitish hissiy diqqat ajralib turadi. Intellektual diqqat ob'ektlari uning eng yuqori shakli sifatida xotiralar va fikrlardir. Sensor diqqat eng ko'p o'rganilgan. Aslida, diqqatni tavsiflovchi barcha ma'lumotlar diqqatning ushbu turini o'rganishda olingan. Diqqatning uch turi mavjud: ixtiyoriy, ixtiyoriy va ixtiyordan keyingi. Psixologik adabiyotlarda beixtiyor diqqatni ifodalash uchun bir nechta sinonimlar qo'llaniladi. Ba'zi tadqiqotlarda u passiv, boshqalarida hissiy deb ataladi. Ikkala sinonim ham beixtiyor diqqatning xususiyatlarini ochishga yordam beradi. Ular passivlik haqida gapirganda, ular beixtiyor diqqatning uni o'ziga jalb qilgan ob'ektga bog'liqligini yo'lga qo'yishadi va odamning diqqatni jamlash uchun harakat qilmasligini ta'kidlaydilar. Beixtiyor e'tibor hissiy deb atalsa, ular diqqat ob'ekti bilan hissiyotlar, qiziqishlar, ehtiyojlar o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni ta'kidlaydi. Bunda konsentratsiyaga qaratilgan ixtiyoriy harakatlar ham bo'lmaydi: diqqat ob'ekti uning shaxsni faoliyatga undaydigan sabablarga muvofiqligi tufayli ajratiladi.Demak, ixtiyorsiz diqqat - bu ba'zi bir sabablarga ko'ra ongning ob'ektga jamlanishi. uning xususiyatlari. Ma'lumki, har qanday stimul o'z ta'sirining kuchini o'zgartirib, diqqatni tortadi. Qo'zg'atuvchining yangiligi ham beixtiyor diqqatni keltirib chiqaradi.Bilish jarayonida yorqin emotsional ohangni uyg'otuvchi ob'ektlar (boy ranglar, ohangdor tovushlar, yoqimli hidlar) diqqatning ixtiyoriy jamlanishini keltirib chiqaradi. Ixtiyorsiz diqqatning paydo bo'lishi uchun intellektual, estetik va axloqiy tuyg'ular muhimroqdir. Insonda hayrat, hayrat, zavqni uyg'otgan narsa uzoq vaqt davomida uning e'tiborini tortadi. Qiziqish, sodir bo'layotgan narsaga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qiziqish va dunyoga tanlab munosabat sifatida, odatda his-tuyg'ular bilan bog'liq bo'lib, ob'ektlarga uzoq vaqt davomida beixtiyor e'tibor berishning eng muhim sabablaridan biridir. O'zboshimchalik (diqqat) so'zining sinonimlari faol yoki ixtiyoriy so'zlardir. Uchala atama ham ob'ektga e'tibor qaratishda shaxsning faol pozitsiyasini ta'kidlaydi. Ixtiyoriy diqqat - bu ob'ektga diqqatni ongli ravishda tartibga solish. Inson o'zi uchun qiziqarli yoki yoqimli narsaga emas, balki nima qilishi kerakligiga e'tibor qaratadi. Bunday e'tibor iroda bilan chambarchas bog'liq. Ob'ektga ixtiyoriy ravishda e'tibor qaratish orqali odam butun faoliyat jarayonida diqqatni ushlab turadigan ixtiyoriy harakat qiladi. Ixtiyoriy e'tibor mehnat bilan bog'liq. Ixtiyoriy diqqat inson faoliyati uchun maqsad qo'yganda yuzaga keladi, uni amalga oshirish diqqatni jamlashni talab qiladi. O'zboshimchalik bilan e'tibor ixtiyoriy harakatni talab qiladi, bu keskinlik, qo'yilgan vazifani hal qilish uchun kuchlarni safarbar qilish kabi boshdan kechiriladi. Faoliyat ob'ektiga diqqatni jamlash, chalg'itmaslik, harakatlarda xatolikka yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun kuchli irodali harakat kerak. Demak, har qanday ob'ektga o'zboshimchalik bilan e'tiborning paydo bo'lishining sababi - bu faoliyat maqsadini qo'yish, amaliy faoliyatning o'zi, uni amalga oshirish uchun shaxs javobgardir. Diqqatning ixtiyoriy jamlanishini osonlashtiradigan bir qator shartlar mavjud. Agar bilishni o'z ichiga olsa, aqliy faoliyatga e'tibor berish osonlashadi amaliy harakat... Misol uchun, o'qish eslatmalar bilan birga bo'lsa, ilmiy kitobning mazmuniga e'tibor berish osonroq. Diqqatni saqlashning muhim sharti - bu insonning ruhiy holati. Charchagan odamning diqqatini jamlashi juda qiyin. Ko'plab kuzatishlar va tajribalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ish kunining oxiriga kelib ishni bajarishda xatolar soni ortadi va charchoq holati ham sub'ektiv ravishda boshdan kechiriladi: diqqatni jamlash qiyin. Bajarilgan ishga yot sabablar (boshqa fikrlar bilan ovora bo‘lish, og‘riqli holat va shunga o‘xshash boshqa omillar) ta’sirida yuzaga kelgan emotsional qo‘zg‘alish odamning ixtiyoriy diqqatini sezilarli darajada susaytiradi. Diqqatning xossalari Diqqatni rivojlantirish, tarbiyalash haqida gapirganda, ular diqqat xususiyatlarini yaxshilashni anglatadi. Diqqatning quyidagi xossalari mavjud: hajm, konsentratsiya (kontsentratsiya), taqsimlanish, barqarorlik, tebranish, almashinish. Diqqat miqdori bir vaqtning o'zida idrok qilinadigan ob'ektlar soni bilan o'lchanadi. Odatda, diqqat miqdori insonning o'ziga xos amaliy faoliyatiga, uning hayotiy tajribasiga, maqsadiga, idrok etilayotgan ob'ektlarning xususiyatlariga bog'liq. Ma'no jihatdan birlashgan predmetlar birlashtirilmaganlarga qaraganda ko'proq sonda idrok qilinadi. Voyaga etgan odamda diqqat hajmi 4-6 ob'ektni tashkil qiladi. Diqqatning konsentratsiyasi - ongning ob'ektga (ob'ektlarga) to'planish darajasi. Diqqat ob'ektlari doirasi qanchalik kichik bo'lsa, idrok qilinadigan shaklning maydoni shunchalik kichik bo'ladi ko'proq konsentratsiyalangan e'tibor... Diqqatning jamlanishi bilish mumkin bo'lgan narsa va hodisalarni chuqur o'rganishni ta'minlaydi, shaxsning ma'lum bir ob'ekt, uning maqsadi, dizayni va shakli haqidagi g'oyalarini aniqlaydi. Konsentratsiya, diqqatni jamlash ushbu fazilatlarni rivojlantirish uchun maxsus tashkil etilgan ish ta'sirida muvaffaqiyatli rivojlanishi mumkin. Diqqatning taqsimlanishi bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta harakatlarni bajarish yoki bir nechta jarayonlarni, ob'ektlarni kuzatish qobiliyatida ifodalanadi. Ayrim kasblarda diqqatni taqsimlash alohida ahamiyatga ega. Bular haydovchi, uchuvchi va o'qituvchining kasblari. O'qituvchi darsni tomosha qilib, darsni tushuntiradi va tez-tez doskaga nimadir yozadi.
При копировании материала, ссылка на источник обязательна: https://apriori-nauka.ru/uz/management/sushchnost-i-funkcii-vnimaniya-ponyatie-i-sushchnost-vnimaniya.html

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