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Welcome to Mr Aslanov’s Lessons 
QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS 
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Many inventors with creative ideas took part in the process of inventing refrigeration, and each 
version was built on the previous discoveries. Dr William Cullen initiated to study the evaporation of liquid 
under the vacuum conditions in 1720. He soon invented the first man-made refrigerator at the University of 
Glasgow in 1748 with the employment of ethyl ether boiling into a partial vacuum. American inventor 
Oliver Evans designed the refrigerator firstly using vapour rather than liquid in 1805. Although his 
conception was not put into practice in the end the mechanism was adopted by an American physician John 
Gorrie, who made one cooling machine similar to Evans' in 1842 with the purpose of reducing the 
temperature of the patient with yellow fever in a Florida hospital. Until 1851, Evans obtained the first patent 
for mechanical refrigeration in the USA. In 1820, Michael Faraday, a Londoner, first liquefied ammonia to 
cause cooling. In 1859, Ferdinand Carre from France invented the first version of the ammonia water 
cooling machine. In 1873, Carl von Linde designed the first practical and portable compressor refrigerator in 
Munich, and in 1876 he abandoned the methyl ether system and began using ammonia cycle. Linde later 
created a new method (‘Linde technique') for liquefying large amounts of air in 1894. Nearly a decade later, 
this mechanical refrigerating method was adopted subsequently by he meat packing industry in Chicago. 
Since 1840, cars with the refrigerating system had been utilised to deliver and distribute milk and 
butter. Until 1860, most seafood and dairy products were transported with cold-chain logistics. In 1867, 
refrigerated, railroad cars are patented to J.B, Sutherland from Detroit, Michigan, who invented insulated 
cars by installing the ice bunkers at the end of the cars: air came in from the top, passed through the bunkers, 
circulated through the cars by gravity and controlled by different quantities of hanging flaps which caused 
different air temperatures. Depending on the cargo (such as meat, fruits etc.) transported by the cars, 
different car designs came into existence. In 1867, the first refrigerated car to carry fresh fruit was 
manufactured by Parker Earle of Illinois, who shipped strawberries on the Illinois Central Railroad. Each 
chest was freighted with 100 pounds of ice and 200 quarts of strawberries. Until 1949, the trucking industry 
began to be equipped with the refrigeration system with a roof-mounted cooling device, invented by Fred 
Jones. 
From the late 1800s to 1929, the refrigerators employed toxic gases – methyl chloride, ammonia, and 
sulfur dioxide - as refrigerants. But in the 1920s, a great number of lethal accidents took place due to the 
leakage of methyl chloride out of refrigerators. Therefore, some American companies started to seek some 
secure methods of refrigeration. Frigidaire detected a new class of synthetic, refrigerants called halocarbons 
or CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in 1928. this research led to the discovery of chlorofluorocarbons (Freon), 
which quickly became the prevailing material in compressor refrigerators. Freon was safer for the people in 
the vicinity, but in 1973 it was discovered to have detrimental effects on the ozone layer. After that, new 
improvements were made, and Hydrofluorocarbons, with no known harmful effects, was used in the cooling 
system. Simultaneously, nowadays, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFS) are no longer used; they are announced 
illegal in several places, making the refrigeration far safer than before.