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SUMMARY COMPLETION
 
Mini warm-up practice test – Complete the summary 
California’s Age of Megafires 
Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires. 
There's a reason fire squads now battling more than a dozen blazes in southern California are having 
such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience 
fighting fires fanned by the notorious Santa Ana winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, generally are 
hotter, move faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. 
Megafires, also called "siege fires," are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or 
more 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. One of the current wildfires is the sixth 
biggest in California ever, in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. 
The short-term explanation is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had nine inches 
less rainfall than normal this year. Longer term, climate change across the West is leading to hotter days on 
average and longer fire seasons. The trend to more superhot fires, experts say, has been driven by a century-
long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence 
was to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. 
Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change marked by a 1-degree F 
rise in average yearly temperature across the West. Second is a fire season that on average is 78 days longer 
than in the late 1980s. Third is increased building of homes and other structures in wooded areas. "We are 
increasingly building our homes ... in fireprone ecosystems," says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor 
of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Mass. Doing that "in many of 
the forests of the Western US ... is like building homes on the side of an active volcano." 
In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, 
housing has pushed into such areas. "What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to 
make fires burn with greater intensity," says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry 
firefighters union. "With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it 
becomes an almost incredible job." 
That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness since 2003, 
when the largest fires in state history scorched 750,000 acres, burned 3,640 homes, and killed 22 people. 
Stung then by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, 
personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood and canyon-hopping fires better than in 
recent years, observers say. 
State promises to provide newer engines, planes, and helicopters have been fulfilled. Firefighters 
unions that then complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire 
safety are now praising the state’s commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased despite 
huge cuts in many other programs.
We are pleased that the Schwarzenegger administration has been very proactive in its support of us 
and come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought," says Mr. 
McHale with the firefighters union.
Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind 
along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as the 
strategies to run them. "In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found out that we had the willingness of 
mutual-aid help from other jurisdictions and states, but we were not able to communicate adequately with 
them," says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services, fire and rescue branch. After a 
2004 blue-ribbon commission examined and revamped those procedures, the statewide response "has 
become far more professional and responsive," he says. 

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