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familiar with, music is entirely abstracted from the world in which we live. Neither idea is
right, according to David Schwartz and his colleagues. Human musical preferences are
fundamentally shaped not by elegant algorithms or ratios but by the messy sounds of real
life, and of speech in particular -
which in turn is shaped by our evolutionary heritage.” The
explanation of music, like the explanation of any product of the mind, must be rooted in
biology, not in numbers per se," says Schwartz.
Schwartz, Howe, and Purves analyzed a vast selection of speech sounds from a variety
of languages to reveal the underlying patterns common to all utterances. In order to focus
only on the raw sound, they discarded all theories about speech and meaning and sliced
sentences into random bites. Using a database of over 100,000 brief segments of speech,
they noted which frequency had the greatest emphasis in each sound. The resulting set
of frequencies, they discovered, corresponded closely to the chromatic scale. In short,
the building blocks of music are to be found in speech
Far from being abstract, music presents a strange analog to the patterns created by the
sounds of speech. "Music, like the visual arts, is rooted in our experience of the natural
world," says Schwartz. “It emulates our sound environment in the way that visual arts
emulate the visual environment. " In music we hear the echo of our basic sound-making
instrument- the vocal tract. The explanation for human music is simple; still than
Pythagoras's mathematical equations. We like the sounds that are familiar to us-
specifically, we like sounds that remind us of us.
This brings up some chicken-or-egg evolutionary questions. It may be that music imitates
speech directly, the researchers say, in which case it would seem that language evolved
first. It's also conceivable that music came first and language is in effect an Imitation of
song - that in everyday speech we hit the musical notes we especially like. Alternately, it
may be that music imitates the general products of the human sound-making system,
which just happens to be mostly speech. "We can't know this," says Schwartz. "What we
do know is that they both come from the same system, and it is this that shapes our
preferences."