13
«Zamonaviy dunyoda pedagogika va psixologiya»
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Lexical polysemy is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. The development of the
lexical meaning of almost every word requires a concrete, individual approach. Therefore, it is
very difficult to identify and systematize lexical meanings. General ideas about the ambiguity of
a word usually only serve to give an idea of the development of the lexical meaning of the word.
Multivalued words are divided into two types according to the ability of lexical
meanings to perform another set of functions:
1) simple multivalued words;
2) complex multivalued words.
The lexical meanings of simple multivalued words serve only as a series to which they
belong. They include all multivalued words in the Uzbek verb and rhyme series. That is, the
lexical meanings of words belonging to the category of verbs and rhymes do not serve as
another category. This idea is not difficult to understand when
interpreted in multivalued
words related to the verb family. Because the words belonging to the verb group have a specific
form in the Turkic languages in general, they do not in their pure form accept other forms of
the category, nor do they perform the function of another category. It should be noted that the
verb does not take any specific form, in the case of a pure verb it does not serve the function of
another category on the basis of any lexical meaning. If it takes the form of one of the
characteristic forms of the verb: either an adjective,
or a relative, or an action noun, it will
inevitably take on the function of another category. In each case, they have seized it, despite
obstacles we can scarcely imagine. It should be noted that the lexical meanings of words
belonging to the category of rhymes do not come from the function of another category. Because
the word in the rhyme group itself has been replaced by another word group.
The lexical
meanings it contains may be performing a different categorical function. But they remain
characteristic of the diamond series in that they are abstract and do not express concepts
directly, but point to or point to it. Apparently, all multivalued words in the verb and rhyme
categories are simple multivalued words.
Complex multivalued words are found in words related to quality, quantity, and nouns.
Simple multivalued words are almost non-existent among the multivalued words of the
category of quality and form. Because the words in these two categories are almost identical,
they share their functions. Words belonging to the category of numbers perform almost the
function of the category of quality in speech. The meanings of the products are almost identical
to the categories of qualities. As long as they are multivalued words, they are observed only in
a poly functional state.
14
«Zamonaviy dunyoda pedagogika va psixologiya»
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Among the words belonging
to the category of horses, there are both simple
multivalued words and complex poly semantic words. This, of course, has to do with the nature
of the affixes that make up artificial horses. For example, horses with affixes such as - (i) m, - (i)
ch, iston are not used in any other category. They will always be simple multivalued words. As
is the case with simple multivalued words for the horse family, so are complex multivalued
words.
In English, too, polysemy is a widespread phenomenon that can be approached in two
ways:
1. Diaxron;
2. Synchronous.
Changes in the semantic structure of a word require diachronic study. Diachronically,
polysemy refers to the fact that a word retains its original meaning
and at the same time
acquires one or another new meaning. A diachronic semantic analysis of the English
multivalued word - a table - revealed that its original meaning (a flat slab of stone or wood) was
equal to its meaning in Old English, the remaining meanings are derivative meanings, which are
derived from the original meaning.
A synchronous approach to polysemy is the co-occurrence of different meanings of the
same word in a given historical period and the determination of these meanings in the semantic
structure of the word. It is well known that among linguistic units, a word is the most prone to
change, and over time its meanings evolve, resulting in new derivative meanings around the
main meaning. Almost every word has its own artificial meaning, and in some cases the main
meaning loses its meaning as a result of the formation of derivative meanings. Changes in word
meanings have been the subject of heated debate and have attracted many linguists.
As the meanings of words are discussed, contradictory concepts called constant,
constant, and variable meanings of words emerge. While some meanings are characterized by
permanence, some meanings change over time; they appear only in certain contexts, and this
meaning is not recorded in dictionaries. The main and derivative
meanings are relatively
unchanged, and therefore they form the semantic structure of the word and are recorded in
dictionaries.
The problem of ambiguity is one of the most discussed problems in lexicology.
Sometimes it is not possible to distinguish an independent word from the derivative meaning
of a multivalued word, i.e. semantic connection between the derivative meaning of the word
and the main meaning is broken and as a result he became my survivor of the word he formed.
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«Zamonaviy dunyoda pedagogika va psixologiya»
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Polysemy is one of the separate categories of lexicology. Each multivalued word has its
own stylistic features, and the analysis of the lexical meanings in it requires a lot of research
and observation. It is well known that context is important for the meaning of multivalued
words. Because multivalued words have several lexical meanings, and in the context it has only
one meaning.
For example, heavy
1) strong; heavy rain;
heavy wind;
2) heavy; heavy industry;
heavy artillery;
3) large weight;
heavy weight;
heavy table.
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