Example of recognition of provision or contingent liability A company manufactures shampoo. A customer is suing the company claiming that the shampoo has
caused burns to her head. The customer is claiming damages of $100 000. Lawyers have advised the
company that it is possible that the customer may win the legal case.
As the outcome of the case is uncertain (i.e. a
possible successful claim for damages), the company
is not certain to be liable, i.e. this is a contingent liability. In these circumstances, the company should
not make a provision, but should disclose details of the case in its notes to the financial statements.
If the lawyer was of the opinion that it was
probable that they would lose the legal case, a provision
for the damages should be made in the financial statements.
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IAS 38: Intangible assets
This standard covers the accounting treatment for intangible assets.
An intangible asset is defined as an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance.
The three critical attributes of an intangible asset are:
•
it must be identifiable (the asset is either separate from the entity and can be sold or
transferred or arises due to contractual or other legal rights)
•
it must be controlled by the entity ( power to obtain benefits from the asset)
•
the entity must be able to obtain future economic benefits from the asset such as revenue or
reduced costs.
Intangible assets can be acquired:
•
by separate purchase
•
as part of a business combination
•
by the exchange of assets
•
by internal generation (self-produced).
Examples of intangible assets
The following is not an exhaustive list, but gives some examples of intangible assets:
•
patented technology, computer software, databases and trade secrets
•
trademarks and internet domains
•
customer lists
•
licensing and royalty agreements
•
marketing rights
•
franchise agreements.
Recognition
The standard requires an entity to recognise an intangible asset, whether purchased or self-created
(at cost), if:
•
it is probable that the future economic benefits attributable to the asset will flow to the entity;
and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.
•
The probability of future economic benefits must be based on reasonable and supportable
assumptions about conditions that will exist over the life of the asset.
If an intangible asset does not meet both the definition of,
and the criteria for, recognition, IAS 38
requires the expenditure to be recognised as an expense when it is incurred.
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Specific cases
The standard details initial recognition criteria and accounting treatment for specific cases as follows.