Introduct

Chapter. I General review of an Abolitionists and abolitionsm

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   Origins of the abolition movement
   

Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, was the movement to end slavery. This term can be used both formally and informally. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and liberate the enslaved people.
The British abolitionist movement started in the late 18th century, however, when English and American Quakers began to question the morality of slavery. James Oglethorpe was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery, banning it in the Province of Georgia on humanitarian grounds, and arguing against it in Parliament, and eventually encouraging his friends Granville Sharp and Hannah More to vigorously pursue the cause. Soon after his death in 1785, Sharp and More united with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect.
A major reform movement during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, abolitionism sought to end slavery and free millions of black people held as slaves. Also known as the antislavery movement, abo- litionism in the United States was part of an interna- tional effort against slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic World. Its historical roots lay in black resis- tance to slavery, changing interpretations of Chris- tian morality, eighteenth-century ideas concerning universal human rights, and economic change. Some of slavery’s opponents advocated gradual abolition and others immediate abolition. By the 1830s the term abolitionism applied only to the latter.
The Somersett Case in 1772, in which a fugitive slave was freed with the judgement that slavery did not exist under English common law, helped launch the British movement to abolish slavery. Though anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, many colonies and emerging nations continued to use slave labor: Dutch, French, British, Spanish and Portuguese territories in the West Indies, South America, and the Southern United States. After the American Revolution established the United States, northern states, beginning with Pennsylvania in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades abolishing slavery, sometimes by gradual emancipation. Massachusetts ratified a constitution that declared all men equal; freedom suits challenging slavery based on this principle brought an end to slavery in the state. Vermont, which existed as an unrecognized state from 1777 to 1791, abolished adult slavery in 1777. In other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans and African Americans. During the following decades, the abolitionist movement grew in northern states, and Congress regulated the expansion of slavery in new states admitted to the union.
In 1787 the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed in London. Revolutionary France abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1794, although it was restored in 1802 by Napoleon as part of a programme to ensure sovereignty over its colonies. Haiti (then Saint-Domingue) formally declared independence from France in 1804 and became the first sovereign nation in the Western Hemisphere to unconditionally abolish slavery in the modern era.The northern states in the U.S. all abolished slavery by 1804. The United Kingdom (then including Ireland) and the United States outlawed the international slave trade in 1807, after which Britain led efforts to block slave ships. Britain abolished slavery throughout its empire by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (with the notable exception of India), the French colonies re-abolished it in 1848 and the U.S. abolished slavery in 1865 with the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In 1888 Brazil became the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery.
In Eastern Europe, groups organized to abolish the enslavement of the Roma in Wallachia and Moldavia, and to emancipate the serfs in Russia. Slavery was declared illegal in 1948 under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Mauritania was the last country to abolish slavery, with a presidential decree in 1981. Today, child and adult slavery and forced labour are illegal in almost all countries, as well as being against international law, but human trafficking for labour and for sexual bondage continues to affect tens of millions of adults and children.

_{Insurrection and tactical abolition}
A number of military leaders from antiquity offered liberty to slaves in the hope that this would strengthen their own position and capacity of gaining power or, otherwise, deprive the enemy of power. In the 1st century in ancient China, Wang Mang led an insurrection against the ruling power and then abolished slavery in the hope that this would deprive the powerful landowning families that opposed him of power and draw support from the masses so that they would not revolt against his takeover. However, this failed, and his opponents would soon oust him from power. In 1st century Judea, an insurrectionist named Simon bar Giora, in the midst ofthe First Roman-Jewish War, offered liberty to slaves if they would join him in battle. In the Second Servile War of Rome, during a slave revolt, both the leader of the revolting slaves and masters of slaves offered liberty to slaves joining their side. Some slaves accepted their masters' offer, but, once they had gained victory, their masters revoked their offer and refused to free them.
_{Jewish ascetics}
PhiloofAlexandria, a Jewish philosopher of the 1st century, offers a description of a group of Jews called the Essenes in his Every Good Man is Free. He describes this isolated Jewish sect as rejecting many of the institutions of civilization, including that of the institution of slavery, on the basis that it violates the equality between all people that nature gives. A second ascetic Jewish group he mentions as rejecting slavery were the Therapeutae. While it is unlikely that Philo invented these traditions in order to affirm an anti-slavery view of his own, for Philo accepted the institution of slavery, there is still doubt regarding the accuracy of Philo's claims. While scholars affirm the historicity of the rejection of slavery among these ascetic groups, they attribute it to ritualistic reasons on the part of these Jewish ascetics, primarily including their rejection of the ownership of property. Philo may have been engaging in a common practice among Hellenistic Jews where ritualistic Jewish attitudes are post facto ascribed a background philosophical purpose.
_Stoics
The one Stoic philosopher who appears to have thought that holding slaves was illegitimate, on the basis that all means whereby humans are reduced to slavery are illegitimate, was Dio Chrysostom in his 15th Oration.
_{Early Christianity}
When it comes to the words of Jesus, slaves are most frequently mentioned in parables that depict the master as God and the slaves as the disciples. These parables served to sympathize with the plight of Jesus and his disciples in terms of the plight of slaves.^[11] In addition, Jesus teaches his disciples that in order to be a true leader in your community, you must become the “slave of all” (Mark 10:44), intentionally subverting the economic order. This is paralleled by John 13:1-20, where Jesus performs a typical slave's task by washing the feet of one of his disciples.^[12][13] In his Epistle to Philemon, Paul requests the manumission of a slave named Onesimus^[14] writing "Perhaps the reason he was separated from you for a little while was that you might have him back forever—no longer as a slave, but better than a slave, as a dear brother" (Philemon 15-16). In
Corinthians , Paul warned his readers from becoming slaves and instructed individuals to make use of their opportunity to gain freedom from slavery if the opportunity became available.

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