Introduct

Immediate Abolitionism
Three factors led to the emergence, during the late
1820s and early 1830s, of a more radical form of abolitionism dedicated to immediate emancipa- tion and equal rights for African Americans in the United States. First, black abolitionists convinced a small minority of white Northerners that the ACS was a proslavery fraud. Second, signs of black unrest abolitionism inspired urgency among white abolitionists who wished to avoid a race war in the South. In 1822 a free black man named Denmark Vesey organized a ma- jor slave conspiracy in Charleston, South Carolina. Seven years later in Boston, black abolitionist David Walker published his revolutionary Appeal to the Col- ored Citizens of the World. Slave preacher Nat Turner in 1831 led a slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia, which left nearly 60 white residents dead. Third, the convergence of northern economic mod- ernization with a massive religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening encouraged increasing numbers of white people to regard slavery as a bar- baric, outmoded, and sinful practice. They believed it had to be ended if the country were to prosper and avoid God’s wrath.
All these factors influenced the extraordinary ca- reer of William Lloyd Garrison, a white New Eng- lander who began publishing his weekly newspaper, The Liberator, in Boston in 1831. Late in 1833 Gar- rison brought together in Philadelphia a diverse group—including a few black men and a few white women—to form the American Anti-Slavery Soci- ety (AASS). Rejecting all violent means, the AASS pledged to rely on “moral suasion” to achieve im- mediate, uncompensated emancipation and equal rights for African Americans in the United States. White men dominated the organization’s leader- ship, but thousands of black men and thousands of women of both races lent active support. A few Af- rican Americans, including former slaves Frederick Douglass, Henry Highland Garnet, and Sojourner Truth, emerged as leaders in this biracial abolitionist movement. As they became antislavery activists, such white women as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton grew conscious of their own inequality and initiated the women’s rights movement.
Although members of the AASS comprised a tiny, despised minority, the organization spread rapidly across the North. In 1835 and 1836 its members sent thousands of antislavery petitions to Congress and stacks of abolitionist propaganda into the South. Their efforts, combined with Turner’s revolt and the 1833 initiation of gradual abolition in the Brit- ish West Indies, produced another fierce proslav- ery reaction. Abolitionists could not safely venture into the South. In the North, mobs beat abolitionist speakers and destroyed abolitionist meeting places, schools, and printing presses. They also attacked black communities.