Introduct

A More Aggressive Abolitionism
Antiabolitionism and the failure of peaceful agita- tion to weaken slavery split the immediatist move- ment in 1840. Garrison and his associates, centered in New England, became social perfectionists, fem- inists, and anarchists. They denounced violence, unrighteous government, and organized religion. They refused to vote and embraced dissolution of the Union as the only way to save the North from
the sin of slavery and force the South to abolish it. Known as Garrisonians, they retained control of the AASS and, until the Civil War, concentrated on agi- tation in the North.
The great majority of abolitionists (black and white) insisted, however, that church and govern- ment action could end slavery. They became more willing to use violent means, rejected radical asser- tions of women’s rights, and formed aggressive or- ganizations. The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (1840–55), led by New York City business- man Lewis Tappan, concentrated on converting churches to immediatism and continued to send antislavery propaganda into the South. The Liberty Party (1840–48) employed a variety of political strate- gies. The more radical Liberty abolitionists, centered in upstate New York and led by Gerrit Smith, main- tained that slavery was always illegal, that immedi- atists had an obligation to go south to help slaves es- cape, and that Congress could abolish slavery in the southern states. The more conservative—and by far more numerous—Liberty faction depended on two Cincinnati residents, Gamaliel Bailey and Salmon P. Chase, for intellectual and political leadership. It ac- cepted the legality of slavery in the southern states, rejected abolitionist aid to help slaves escape in the South and sought to build a mass political party on a platform calling not for abolition but removing U.S. government support for slavery.
Meanwhile, black abolitionists led in forming lo- cal vigilance associations designed to protect fugi- tive slaves, and most of them supported the AFASS and the Liberty Party. In 1846 they joined church- oriented white abolitionists in the American Mis- sionary Association, an outgrowth of the AFASS that sent antislavery missionaries into the South. Dou- glass, who in 1847 began publishing the North Star in Rochester, New York, remained loyal to Garrison until 1851, when he joined the radical wing of the Liberty Party.
In 1848 members of the Liberty Party’s conserva- tive wing helped organize the Free Soil Party, dedi- cated to preventing the spread of slavery into Ameri- can territories. By then they had essentially ceased to be immediatists. In 1854, when Congress opened Kansas Territory to slavery, they worked with anti- slavery Whigs and Democrats to form the Republi- can Party, which nominated its first presidential can- didate in 1856. The Republican Party formally aimed only at ending slavery within the national domain. Many of its leaders claimed to represent the inter- ests of white Northerners against the domination of slaveholders. But members of the party’s “Old Lib- erty Guard” and such former Free Soilers as Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio held Republicans to a higher standard. As Radical Republicans, they pressed for abolition and equal rights for African Americans. After 1848 the more radical members of the Liberty Party—known as radical political abolitionists—maintained their tiny organization. They excelled in Underground Railroad efforts and resistance in the North to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. More than any other abolitionist faction, the radical political abolitionists supported John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859. Brown and his biracial band had hoped to spark a slave revolt but were easily captured by Virginia militia and U.S. troops. Brown’s actions, nevertheless, angered and frightened white Southerners; after his capture and prior to his exe- cution that December, his elegant appeals for racial justice aroused sympathy among many Northerners.