4. The Identification of Morphemes
At one time, establishing mechanical procedures for the identification of
morphemes was considered a realistic goal by structural linguist. Writing a
grammar of a language entails constructing a theory of how that language work
by making generalizations about its structure that go beyond the data observed.
Although there are no effective mechanical procedures for discovering the
grammatical structure of a language in general or the structure of its words,
there exist reasonably reliable and widely accepted techniques that have been
evolved by linguists working on morphology. These techniques are outlined
below.
The main principle used in the analysis of words is the principle of contrast. We
contrast forms that differ in:
a. Phonological shape due to the sound used
This, the phonological difference between /boi/ and /g3:l/ correlates with a
semantic difference in the sentences:
1)
The girl plays.
2)
The boy plays.
The difference in meaning is attributable to the difference in lexical
meaning between “Boy” and “Girl”.
b. Meaning, broadly defined to cover both lexical meaning and grammatical
function. For example the sentences:
1)
The girl plays.
2)
The boy played.
The difference in grammatical function between play-s (present tense) and
play-ed (past tense) is responsible for the difference in meaning.
Thus, the morpheme is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that
correlates with the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in
grammatical structure. The analysis of words into morphemes begins with the
isolation of morphs.
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1.31
5. Morphs
A morph is a physical form representing some morpheme in a language. It
is a recurrent distinctive sound (phoneme) or sequence of sound (phonemes).
Study the sentences below and identify the morphs:
a. I parked the car.
b. We parked the car.
c. I park the car.
d. He parks the car.
e. She parked the car.
f. She parks the car.
g. We park the car.
h. He parked the car.
The morphs are:
Morphs
Recurs in
/ai/‘I’
[a] and [c]
/si:/‘she’
[e] and [f]
/hi:/‘he’
[d] and [h]
/d
ə/‘the’
in all the examples
/ka:/‘car’
in all the examples
/pa:rk/‘park’
park is found in all the examples, sometimes with an –ed
suffix, sometimes with an –s suffix and sometimes on its own
/t/‘-ed’
suffixed to park in [b, e, h]
/s/‘-s’
suffixed to park in [d, f]
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