Lower secondary education (ISCED level 2). Programmes at ISCED level 2, or lower secondary
education, are typically designed to build on the learning outcomes from ISCED level 1. Usually,
the educational aim is to lay the foundation for lifelong learning and human development upon
which education systems may then expand further educational opportunities. Programmes
at this level are usually organized around a more subject-oriented curriculum, introducing
theoretical concepts across a broad range of subjects.
Mode of delivery. The manner in which the training instructions for a qualification or part-
qualification are delivered, and through which the learning process is aided.
Modular programmes. Education programmes in which students may compose the content
of their education in a flexible way by combining different courses or modules. Modular
programmes thus often do not have clearly defined sequencing.
Non-formal education. Education that is institutionalised, intentional and planned by an
education provider. The defining characteristic of non-formal education is that it is an addition,
alternative or complement to formal education within the process of the lifelong learning of
individuals.
Notional time. The estimated learning time that an average learner takes to achieve the specific
learning outcomes for a qualification or part-qualification.
Orientation. The two categories of orientation of programmes at ISCED levels 2 to 5 are general
and vocational. At ISCED levels 6 to 8, the terms ‘academic’ and ‘professional’ are used to
describe the programme orientation.
Post-secondary non-tertiary education (ISCED level 4). Post-secondary non-tertiary education
provides learning experiences building on secondary education, preparing for labour market
entry as well as tertiary education. It typically targets students who have completed upper
