ISCED-T 2021 28 secondary education (ISCED level 3), but who want to increase their opportunities either to enter
the labour market or progress to tertiary education. Programmes are often not significantly
more advanced than those at upper secondary education as they typically serve to broaden –
rather than deepen – knowledge, skills and competencies. It therefore aims at learning below
the high level of complexity characteristic of tertiary education.
Primary education (ISCED level 1). Primary education provides learning and educational
activities typically designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing
and mathematics (i.e. literacy and numeracy) and establish a solid foundation for learning
and understanding core areas of knowledge and personal development, preparing for lower
secondary education. It focuses on learning at a basic level of complexity with little, if any,
specialisation.
Qualification. The official confirmation, usually in the form of a document, certifying the
successful completion of an education programme or a stage of a programme. Qualifications
can be obtained through: i) successful completion of a full education programme; ii) successful
completion of a stage of an education programme (intermediate qualifications); or iii) validation
of acquired knowledge, skills and competencies, independent of participation in an education
programme. This may also be referred to as a ‘credential’.
Qualifications framework. An instrument for the development, classification and recognition of
skills, knowledge and competencies along a continuum of agreed levels. It is a way of structuring
existing and new qualifications, which are defined by learning outcomes – clear statements of
what the learner must know or be able to do, whether learned in a classroom, on the job, or less
formally.
Referencing. A process that results in the establishment of a relationship between the levels of a
Regional Qualifications Framework and National Qualifications Framework or system.