Jumaeva nasiba komil qizi lexical and semantic characteristics of hyponomic relations in words in english and

participation of the above phrases as hyponyms in the hypo-hyperonymic series of 
lexical semantic units is important problem which is analyzed in our work. 
Because, in the content of these syntactic units represents a hypo-hyperonymic 
relationship, that is a [gender-species] semantic relationship. 
The concept of hyponym is characterized by content and symbols expressed 
in lexical units in the semantic-functional sense. These meanings and signs are 
directly related to notion of the generality in objective existence. In the mind of 
speakers of the same language, hyperonyms appear as lexical units that express the 
exact meaning of words that express the concept of gender.
17
This kind of hierarchical structure in semantic branch can be mainly made a 
scientific observation in hyponomic words. They are regarded from top to bottom, 
which means that higher level is described more general and the lower is
described more specific than the other levels. For instance, the word “flower” will 
be in the highest position after the rose, lily, tulip and the lowest position may be 
made up garden tulips, parrot tulips and triumph tulips. 
According to Murphy M.L, “The necessity of representing hyponymy in the 
lexicon is called into question”
18
. That is, the semantic relation of hyponymy is a 
linguistic expression of the meaning group and its broad relation. In this case, the 
expression of information such as lexical and linguistic information is redundant 
because information already exists as part of our secular knowledge. 
 
1.2. Hyponomic taxonomy is an object of study semantics. 
In this globalization period, investigating every branch is considered 
extremely important to develop and reaching peak of the science. Also this time 
16
https://library.ziyonet.uz 
17
Djumabaeva J. N. Sabirova N. The study of hyponymic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and 
semantic relations of hyponymy. Ilkogretim Online-Elementary Education Online,2020; - P. 870-878. 
18
Murphy M.L. Hyponymy and hyperonymy. Cambridge University Press. 2003. - P. 566 p
.

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is becoming respectively vital period that every possiblities are used to improve 
the language such as linguistic branch, methodology and literature are being the 
object of researching by linguistic scientists. In this third paragraph we can see 
and study that hyponomic taxonomy is an object of study semantics. 
The practice and science of categorization or classification is called 
taxonomy. If we can see the history of taxonomy, there will be many questions 
about it that how it appeared, how it used, what means, when used or who used 
firstly. The roots of this word  taxonomy is connected with Greek language that 
taxis ( meaning order and arrangement) and the “nomos” (law or science). 
Mainly, taxonomy or taxonomical clasification is a scheme or 
configuration of systematic arrangement in groups or categories according to 
established criteria, especially a hierarchial classification, in which things are 
organized into groups or types.
The extreme vital term is the concept of taxonomy which is becoming that 
one of enhancing important value in the semantic branch. The word 
“taxonomy” has used by linguistic scholars in a different of manners, some of 
them which endeavour the little relationship to the subject of this dissertation. 
Some people have used “taxonomy” to refer to any system of classification and 
naming, regardless of its structure. Used in thyis way, “taxonomy” is 
effectively synonymouse with “lexical domain”. “Taxonomy” and “taxonomic 
structure” are defined here so as to be applicable only to a particular subclass 
of lexical domains whose members display certain formal properties.
19
In this 
situation, taxonomy or taxonomic structure can help human to grasp fully the 
main concept and idea of the word widely.
Also English linguist Lounsbury mentioned about it in hios writings that 
“Taxonomy” is sometimes employed to refer, not to a hierarchy of sets, but rather 
to an arrangement of properties (semantic features), presumably one felt to be 
consonant with a hierarchy of sets. For eaxample, in the standart of usages 
followed here, if one were to consider the English words person, man, and woman 
19
Kay P. “Taxonomy and Semantic Contrast”. Published by: Linguistic Society of America. 1971. – P. 866. 

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to be involved in taxonomic relations, the elements of the taxonomic structure 
would be the set of humans, the set of the men and the set of women. On the other 
hand, in the view suggested by Lounsbury, the basic elements of taxonomic 
structure are the properties (features) human, male, female and so on.
20
It would 
be perhaps be possible to construct a formal account of taxonomic structure based 
on the property or feature approach. I think, however, that there are reasons against 
adopting a feature approach at the outset, although this is not the place to present 
those arguments in detail.
21
The intuitive notions of taxonomy and taxonomic 
structure formalized here are similar to those of biosystematics. Biological 
taxonomy, however, involves an order of structure beyond that set up here as 
taxonomic-namely, that of the series of absolute categories species, genus, family, 
…kingdom and the definition of these categories as sets of taxa. Our taxonomic 
structure is simply a hierarchy of inclusion relations among sets. Formal treatments 
of biological taxonomies have been given by Gregg, Beckner and van Valen . 
Some anthropologists have found taxonomic structures in the cultures of non-
literate peoples, and it appears likely that important parts of the lexicons of all 
natural languages are organized taxonomically. The initial discoveries in the 
modern era that extensive and precise taxonomies exist among illiterate primitives 
originally occasioned surprise bordering on incredulity in some quarters. But it is 
increasingly recognized that the similarity to Linnaean taxonomy of the folk 
taxonomies discovered by ethnographers and ethnobiologists need not cause 
surprise, since Linnaean taxonomy is simply the particular folk taxonomy with 
which Western Europeans are most familiar. Linnaeus did not invent the principles 
of taxonomy; he simply employed, and made explicit, those which were implicit in 
his own culture which, as it turns out, for the most part represent universal 
principles of classification and nomenclature, found in all human cultures and 
20
Lounsbury K., Floyd G. A formal account of the Crow and Omaha type of kinship terminologies. In
Goodenough, 1964. –P. 351-94. 
21
Gregg M. John R, The language of taxonomy: an application of symbolic logic to the study of classificatory 
system. New York: Columbia University Press1954. –P. 191-206 
Kay Paul. Comment on Ethnographic semantics: a preliminary survey. Reprinted with addendum in Tyler.
1966.- P.78-90 

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languages (with regard to universals in taxonomic nomenclature). The present 
study is thus an attempt to summarize as explicitly as possible certain empirical 
findings of classical biosystematics and modern semantic ethnography which may 
now be considered to represent formal universals of human mental structure.
22
While the analysing of taxonomy or its structure, the comprehending intellectually 
will be easier for expressing the universals of human intellectual structure.
Also, Associate Professor, Doctor of Sciences in Philology J.Sh
Djumabaeva and Doctoral Student, Associate Professor, Candidate of Philological 
Sciences N.K Sabirova mentioned their own opinions in their article “The study of 
hyponomic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and semantic relations 
of hyponymy. They mentioned:- “Taxonomy involves the simultaneous existence 
of three types of relationships, namely hyperonymy (kind-type), hyponymy (type -
kind), and cogyponymia (type and type). In the study of lexical-semantic groups 
and functional-semantic fields of natural language word groups, there is a lack of 
strict consistency and structure in the manifestation of hypero-hyponymic 
relations. In the scientific typologies of various fields, hypero-hyponymy is 
common phenomenon that expands and systematizes the concepts of the 
profession”
23
. If their opinion can be deeply analysed with semantic and lexical 
features of some vocabularies like IT tool is considered hyperonymy which means 
(kind – type), earphone, smartphone, printer are hyponyms that means the type-
kind and iPod, earbud, in-ear and supra-Aural earphone are co-hyponyms which 
are used as type and type in the hyponymic relationship in lexical units. 
The hypero-hyponymic taxonomic relations of words, phraseological units 
and terminology in the linguistics attracted the attention of M.V. Lysyakova, A.M. 
Plotnikova, E.L. Ginzburg, A.SH. Hayrapetyan and other linguistics. 
Morover, there is some information about hypero-hyponymic taxonomy in 
English linguistics in the scientific works of S. Georg, P. Key, and V. Pekar. Also 
22
P. Kay. Taxonomy and semantic contrast. Language ,1971. 47(4), -P. 866-887 
23
Dzhumabaeva, J. Sabirova N. The study of hyponymic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and 
semantic relations of hyponymy. 2020; 19(4). – P. 874. Doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.195 

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we come acros some information about the study of hyponyms in Uzbek linguist 
professor J.Sh. Djumabaeva and N.K.Sabirova’s article which was named “
The 
study of hyponymic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and semantic 
relations of hyponymy” that was clarified and
studied this phenomenon in it.
24
Hyponymy or taxonomic hyponymy is transient, and its impermeability represents 
the “deductive power” of hyponymy. The relationship between transitiveness and 
deduction is reflected in the classical syllogism, which includes an inclusive 
relationship in the sentence Socrates