Jumaeva nasiba komil qizi lexical and semantic characteristics of hyponomic relations in words in english and

hyponyms 
 lazuline 
Hypernym 
purple 
brown 
yellow 
blue 
Co-hyponyms 
azure 
sapphire 

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which are connected with this situations: to read – to scan, to scim and to read 
aloud. 
In an era of growing and developing information and high technologies, 
language plays an extremely important role as a means of communication. So that, 
investigating language deeply and widely inreases the power of the language 
among the society. Through more deeply researching language that opens the 
many possiblities in linguistic branch as exchanging ideaas, opinion, new 
discoveries, novelty, theories which are connected language spheres among 
nations, linguists. In this time, we can give Chinese proverb:- “To learn a language 
is to have one more window from which to look at the world”
8
. This proverb is the 
example of above given sentences. 
In tis time, more linguist scholars are investigating language to improve and 
widen linguistic knowledge to deliver to new growing youngs and also increase the 
importance and degree of learning and teaching foreign languages around the 
world. To this time, many foreingner liguists investigated on many branches of 
language for instance, semantic and lexic characteristics of hyponymy that has 
been argued in their scientific research works which were illustrated many precious 
ideas and opinions. We can observe that the issue of hyponomy has been engaged 
in study about this in the works of the following linguists: Finch.G “Linguistic 
terms and concepts”, Firth J.R “Modes of meaning”, Cherry N “ On Human 
Communication”, Bierwish B.M “ Semantics and Translations”, Palmer F.R 
“Semantics”, O’Grady W, Katamba F “Semantics and Pragmatics”, “The Analysis 
of Meaning” and Charles W.Kreidler “Introducing English Semantics”.
Hyponymy is the cognitive processing of information and data, an important 
means of categorizing word groups and one of the most vital process in human 
cognitive activity.
The terms hyponymy, hyponym and hyperonym were first used in 1968 by 
English linguist J. Lyons. After that, the first scientific and linguistic information 
about hyponymy began to appear in Russian linguistics. The first scientific 
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 www.clas.wayne.edu/language 

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comments and opinions on hyponymy were given by Russian linguists A. 
Ufimseva, L.Novikov, Y.Stepanov and french liguist V.Gak in the scientific 
works. This must be cleared that the boundaries of hyponymy and the means of 
expression were not clearly substantiated in these comments and opinions. 
However, hyponymy, that is the species and gender relationship, in other words, 
hypo-hyperonymic relationship has been found to exist as a type of spiritual 
relationship between linguistic units in the language system. In the late 60s of the 
last century, in the Western Europe and Russian liguistics hyponymy was 
separated a new type of lexical and semantic relationship among synonymous and 
antonymic paradigms known in systemic lexicology.
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For the first time in Uzbek 
linguistics, linguist Rohatoy Safarova considered this sematic relationship as a 
unique feature of lexemes in the structure of lexical meaning. Linguist Rohatoy 
Safarova’s comments on this type of relationship are noteworthy:
“Biz giponimiya 
hamda so`zlarning gipo-giperonimik qatori atamalari ostida ma’nosiga ko`ra 
obyektiv borliqdagi [tur-jins] munosabatini ifodalashga xizmat qiladigan so`zlar 
qatorini, paradigmalarni tushunamiz”
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According to Uzbek linguist Rohatoy 
Safarova 
“Giperonim jins belgisini bildirgan predmetning nomini ifodalovchi 
ko`pgina ma’nolarni semantik jihatdan umumlashtiruvchi, mikrotizimning 
markaziy so`zi, dominantasi sifatida namoyon bo`luvchi lug`aviy birlikdir. 
Giponim – ma’lum jins turlarining nomlarini ifodalovchi hamda o`zining semantik 
tarkibida implitsid tarzda jins ma’nosini ifodalovchi tarkibda so`zni biriktirib 
kelgan, semantik jihatdan giperonimga nisbatan boy bo`lgan lug`aviy birlik”
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. In 
this condition we can know clearly about the meaning will be clear and concrete in 
this relationship.
In turn, the theoritical conclusions about the (kind-type) relationship formed 
on the basis of Rohatoy Safarova’s scientific research and this can be marked that 
the effects can be seen in the scientific-educational literature. In addition to this 
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https://www.encyclopedia.com 
10
Safarova R. Leksik-semantik munosabatlarning turlari.-T: O’qituvchi, 1996. -48 b. 
11
Safarova R. Leksik-semantik munosabatlarning turlari.-T: O’qituvchi, 1996. -48 b. 

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kind of semantic relationship, we can come across the following information in H. 
Ne’matov and R. Rasulov’s “System Linguistics Basics” textbook: “One type of 
semantic relationship between lexemes is hypo-hyperonymy, it reflects gender 
relations. In a hypo-hyperonymic relationship hyperony (kind) and hyponym