Jumaeva nasiba komil qizi lexical and semantic characteristics of hyponomic relations in words in english and

Living organism 
person animal plant 
bird mammal  reptile 
placental mammal marucipal 
hoofed mammals non-hoofed mammals 
cloven-hoofed mammals other hoofed mammals 
ovine bovine porcine 
ox 
cow buffalo 
Holstein Black Angus Hereford Texas Longhorn 
Figure 2. Folk taxonomy of the word Cow. 
 
Although Figure 2 illustrates the taxonomy of the word “cow”, in some 
respects it is unsatisfactory, the word “cow” does not include interactions. Cow is 
not only a ungulate, it is a ruminant and a livestock animal, and cow species are 
divided into bull, cow, calf or diary cow, beef cow and others. A multi-level 
diagram of interecting taxonomies will be needed to give a complete picture of the 

---

25 
relationship betweenthe word “cow”.
29
According to English linguist D.A.Cruse, 
many words have different hyponomic relationships depending on the context, 
based on the facet on their meaning. In the example he cites, the word a book has 
facets like Tome and Text, and it has hyponyms like paperback, novel words. D. 
Cruse’s facet approach is designed to express the different types of relationships of 
words such as book without increasing the number of meanings and hierarchial 
nodes. Also, although D.Cruse introduced the term microsens into linguistics, the 
phenomenon of the complete taxonomy requires some prevention of word 
meanings. For example, there are many superordinates of the word knife, i.e 
cutlery, weapon, surgial instrument, tool and they do not represent the importance 
of the facets of the woord knife, but rather the types of knife and the various 
concept of the word knife.
30
While this taxonomy seems to present very few 
details, it does contain detailed information. Standarts of the biological taxonomy 
and component semantics require the study of the expression of unique 
caracteristic differences of taxonomic steps. These subtle differences in 
classificatioin are not always expressed lexicaly, and this leads to the emrgence of 
hidden nodes in the taxonomy. For the expression of the phrase “cloven hoofed 
mammals” in the first diagram, a hidden category such as “hoofed mammals” can 
be seen. However, the need for it to remain at the level or position of the word 
“equine” has been overlooked. 
29
J. Djumabaeva, N. Sabirova. The study of hyponymic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and 
semantic relations of hyponymy. 2020; 19(4): -P. 874. Doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.195 
30
Cruse D.A. Meaning in language: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics. New York :Oxford University 
Press. 2000. –P. 356 

---

26 
LIVING THING 
Person (animal 1) plant 
Wild animal Domestic animal  
cat  horse goat