Jumaeva nasiba komil qizi lexical and semantic characteristics of hyponomic relations in words in english and

CHAPTER II. A study of the phenomenon of hyponomy in lexical and 
semantic relations. 
2.1. The features of the phenomenon of hyponomy in the lexical layer. 
 
We know that in our rapidly changing world all branches are being 
developed day by day without stoping and with quickness. It is good for us and for 
increasing the level of knowledge for new comers to high education systems. 
Especially, the chances for youths are given more and more with increasing the 
level of quality of education and teacher’s respobsibility and their capability by 
retrain them in extra education programm, also giving them several grands for 
taking and gaining new knowledge about their profession and improve their 
experience through teaching in forign high developed countries. I think that these 
kind of opportunities are more important for teachers and education system. 
Moreover the attention to learning forign languages is increasing among the 
youngs, so that our government try to create more chances for all studied people in 
educations system. Therefore, significantly great efforts and funds are directed at 
the comprehensive developments of education system, training and improving of 
qualifiying personnel in Uzbekistan. In addition to this, several qualitativ changes 
are taking place in our systems of preschool, school and high education as well as 
after high education such as research institutions. 
In this place, I want to mention that “If you do not change the teaching 
methodology in schools, neither the quality of education, nor the content, nor the 
environment will change,” Shavkat Mirziyoyev said.
37
This period which demands 
us to think as out of the box that means unsual way. Cause, thinking as unsual 
gives to be winner in the world in any branches. 
In this position, as we must feel and know it how is vital as water and air 
that the bright future connected with children is extremely important for our 
country and its developmet. Particulary the President of Republic of Uzbekistan 
Shavkat Mirziyoev’s noteworthy speech at the UN Assembly is given, it will be 
37
Mirziyoev Sh. Congratulation for youth of Uzbekistan, on the holiday “Youth Day”. Tashkent. June 3. 2022
www.uzdaily.ru/en/post61212 

---

32 
proper opinion. “The future of our planet depends on how our children grow up 
and become human,” he said
38
. This kind of motivations and support by our head 
of state and government give the sense of confidense for our nation in their future 
in our society. 
Apart from that, learning English and increasing the interest in it among 
Uzbek youths will give a big opportunity to widen horizon, exchange opinions 
with forigner students and gain new world experience. This means that all 
opportunities for young generations. As a clear for this, we can be witness the 
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s congratulation for the youth of Uzbekistan on 
holiday. “The knowledge and energy of our youth today endlessly please me. 
That's how it should be. Because the blood of great ancestors flows in your veins. 
Our history goes back not thirty-one years, but three millennia. Our ancestors laid 
the foundation for two renaissances. Now we are going to build the foundation of 
the Third Renaissance. Who do we rely on? On you. Our most important support, 
in this case, is education”, Shavkat Mirziyoyev said.
39
Yes our president thinkin 
way is really correct and extremely important about the future of our country and 
the future of the youth, so that the young generation is considered our foundation 
for new waited life. 
Taking into consideration the importance of leaning forign languages, 
researching of of them also will be beneficial. In this dissertation, I will try to gain 
more knowledge about my theme and the linguistic features of language. 
In learning and researching process knowing about language sections will be 
useful for researchers to understand all clear and describe with more examples. In 
my dissertion work is connected with linguistic branches of the language such as: 
lexicology, semantics and so on. 
In this chapter belongs to semantics and lexical layer of the language. 
Firstly, I want illustrate with its theoritical explanations of plan. We know that in 
researching any language , its branches play more importan role. Lexicology is the 
38
Mirziyoev Sh.M. Appeal to the Oliy Majlis. 19.29.2020 
39
Shavkat Mirziyoev’s congratulation for youth of Uzbekistan, on the holiday “Youth Day”. Tashkent. June 3. 2022

---

33 
branch of linguistics that analyzes the lexicon of a specific language. In this 
branch a word is considered the smallest meaningful unit of a language that can 
stand on its own, and is made up of small components called morphemes and even 
smaller elements known as phonemes, or distinguishing sounds. We can learn or 
examine every feature of a word – including formation, spelling, origin, usage, and 
definition through lexical layer of the word. 
The subfield of semantics that pertains especially to lexicological work is 
called lexical semantics. In brief, lexical semantics contemplates the significance 
of words and their meanings through several lenses, including synonymy, 
antonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy, among others. Semantic analysis of lexical 
material may involve both the contextualization of the word(s) and syntactic 
ambiguity. Semasiology and onomasiology are relevant linguistic disciplines 
associated with lexical semantics.
40
Related to the concept of hyponymy, but more 
loosely defined, is the notion of a lexical field. A lexical field denotes a segment of 
reality symbolized by a set of related words. The words in a semantic field share a 
common semantic property. Most often, fields are defined by subject matter, such 
as body parts, landforms, diseases, colors, foods, or kinship relations. Internally, 
these may be organized as a hierarchy (e.g., royalty, military ranks), as a 
meronymy (e.g., body parts), as a sequence (e.g., numbers), or or as a cycle (e.g., 
days of the week, months of the year), as well as with no discernible order. A 
thesaurus is generally organized according to substantive fields (although it also 
makes use of hyponymy and synonymy). 
The words which are part of a lexical field enter into sense or meaning 
relationships with one another. Each word delimits the meaning of the next word in 
the field and is delimited by it; that is, it marks off an area or range within the 
semantic domain. However, there may be a fair amount of overlap in meaning 
between words in a domain, and it is often difficult to find mutually delimiting 
terms. Within a domain, some words are marked, while some are unmarked; the 
unmarked members are more frequent, more basic, broader in meaning, easier to 
40
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 

---

34 
learn and remember, not metaphorical, and typically one morpheme or single 
lexical item. The marked members often consist of more than one lexical item and 
may denote a subtype of the unmarked member. 
Let's consider some examples of lexical fields. The field of “parts of the face” 
is a substantive field of part to whole. Terms within the field are arranged spatially 
and quite clearly delimited, though there is some overlap between terms such 
as forehead and temple. Terms such as bridge of the nose or eyelids would 
constitute marked members of the field. 
The field of “stages of life” is arranged sequentially, though there is 
considerable overlap between terms (e.g., child, toddler) as well as some apparent 
gaps (e.g., there are no simple terms for the different stages of adulthood). Note 
that a term such a minor or juvenile belongs to a technical register, a term such as 
given for example kid or tot to a colloquial register, and a term such 
as sexagenarian or octogenarian to a more formal register.
In the lexical field, hyponymia can also be manifested on several levels, if 
hyperonyms are hyponyms, the hyperonym itself can be considered its hyponymus 
under the term superordinate, which is another step above. For example, creatures, 
birds, insects, animals. These hyponims themselves also have hyperonyms as 
hyperonyms. For example, insects - worms, ants, flies, mosquitoes and so on. 
Although interaction is at the heart of lexical structure theory, there is also 
scientific debate about its lexical relationship. That is, the relationship between 
words is reflected not through a lexical relationship but through a semantic 
relationship. The system-semantic relationship between a hyponym and a 
hyperonym exists not only within the elements of the hyponymic microsystem, but 
also between the words in the lexical structure of the language that make up the 
whole system. One such peculiarity is the semantic relationship of hyperonyms and 
hyponyms within the elements of hypero-hyponymic paradigms in the English 
lexical system. Under the terms hyponimy and hypero-hyponymic series of words, 
we understand a series of words, lexical paradigms that serve to express the 
gender-species relationship in an objective being in terms of meaning. The 

---

35 
hyponymic sequence of words is: a) hyperonym; b) consists of hyponim. A 
hyperonym is a lexical unit that manifests itself as the central word, the dominant, 
of a microsystem that semantically generalizes many meanings that represent the 
name of an object denoting a gender sign. A hyponym is a lexical unit that is 
semantically rich relative to a hyperonym, which represents the names of certain 
species and includes a word that expresses the meaning of gender in its semantic 
structure. It is obviously clear that lexical elements include lexical and syntactic 
categories, i.e., information about form and meaning. According to these 
categories, lexical elements are represented in the lexicon of semantics. According 
to the semantic classification, a lexical unit depends on the meaning which it can 
be expressed, as well lexical units have the property of interconnectedness. Some 
relationships in a lexical unit consist of hyponym, hyperonym, synonym, antonym, 
and homonym. The hyponomic relationship and a hyperonym is a relationship 
between a general and a specific (thematic) term that represents the term 
hyponymy. For example, the words "red", "yellow", "green", and "blue" are 
hypononyms of the hyperonym "color". Lexical semantics is one of the main 
directions of linguistics in which the significance of a word is studied 
systematically. In lexical semantics, two main issues are addressed: a) the 
expression of the denotation of the word, b) the expression of the variability of the 
idea or concept of the word, which varies between contexts. These two concepts 
are inextricably linked, in which variation and interpretation act the most 
extremely vital role in the adequate (appropriate) expression of the meaning of a 
word. Contextual variability is evident in both of the above directions.
41
In the 
Uzbek linguistics, a number of studies have been conducted in the field of 
studying the language as a whole. The basics of the system lexicology have been 
reflected in a number of scientific studies carried out in different periods of 
science development. Therefore, in her scientific findings prof. R.Safarova 
41
Jamila Sharipovna Djumabaeva, Nodira Karimbaevna Sabirova,” The study of hyponymic taxonomy in English 
linguistics and the lexical and semantic relations of hyponymy”. Ilkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, 
2020; 19 (4): -P. 870-878 http://ilkogretim-online.org doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.195

---

36 
divided the ways of system lexicology development in the Uzbek language into 
the following phases: 
a) The first phase. The difference between word and lexeme, the semes and the 
ways of separating them into the main parts , and reflects on exploring semantic
structure of some word pairs. 
b) The second phase. The development stage of system lexicology is 
characterized by combining words into thematic and lexical-semantic groups and 
studying meaning by dividing it into component parts. Nowadays, the principles 
and fundamentals of system linguistics, system lexicology namely researching 
lexical units by grouping into lexical-semantic groups were developed in the 
lexicology of the Uzbek language. The same lexical paradigms, and lexical 
paradigms have been identified as lexical-semantic groups in the lexicology of the 
system. Relying on this principle mainly lexical paradigms formed by 
synonymous senses, a group of words with antonymic meaning, a various
thematic and lexical-semantic lines, lexical paradigms were the source of research 
as particular lexical-semantic groups in the system lexicology.
In adition to this information there is given informartions about hyponyms 
and it origins, features and other particularities of it in linguistics and lexicography 
a hyponym means that “under name” in greek language that is defined as a word, 
vocabularies, lexical units or phrase which semantic branch is included within that 
of another word, its hyperonym or hypernym is expressed the “over name” in 
Greek. In common terms, a hyponomic unit shares a type of relationship with its 
hypernymic units. For instance, columbidae, parrot, hummingbird, woodpecker,