Some of the minor types of modern word-building.
Onomatopoeia (Sound-imitation)
Words coined by this type of word-bilding are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, insects, human beings and inanimate objects.
It is of some interest that sounds produced by the same kind of animal are frequently represented by quite different sound groups in different languages. For instance, English dogs bark (cf. the R. лаять). The English cock cries cock-a-doodle-doo (cf. the R. ку-ка-ре-ку).
Reduplication
In reduplication new words are made by doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes as in bye-bye (coll, for good-bye) or with a variation of the root-vowel or consonant as in ping-pong, chit-chat (болтовня). This second type is called gradational reduplication.
Stylistically speaking, most words made by reduplication represent informal groups: colloquialisms and slang. E.g. walkie-talkie (a portable radio), riff-raff (the dregs of society – подонки, сброд), chi-chi (slang for chic (шик) as in chi-chi girl)).
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