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imposiciones sociales y culturales, y varía según la comunidad. Dentro de la misma
comunidad lingüística nacional y dentro del mismo sistema funcional, pueden comprobarse
varias normas (lenguaje familiar, lenguaje popular, lengua literaria, lenguaje elevado lenguaje
vulgar, etc.), distintas sobre todo por lo que concierne al vocabulario, pero a menudo también
en las formas gramaticales y en la prononciación: así el sueco tiene una pronunciación
literaria y elevada y una pronunciación usual y corriente” (Coșeriu 1952, 169).
The opposition between system and norm solves, according to Eugeniu Coșeriu, the
difficulties of Saussure’s distinction between
langue and
parole, as follows: If the
opposition is established between system and actualization,
langue comprises only the
system, and
parole contains the norm and the speech. If the opposition considered is
that between concrete and abstract (material/formal),
langue contains the system and
the norm, while
parole contains actual speech. If one takes into account the opposition
between social/individual, then
langue contains the system and the social norm, and
parole contains the individual norm and speech. If we consider the opposition expressive
originality/repetition, then
langue contains the system and the norm and partially speech,
and
parole,
speech (Coșeriu 1993, 64-65).
Expanding the field of investigation even further by introducing the notion of
language
, as he understood it himself, Eugeniu Coșeriu states that language is a
historical concept, while system and norm are structural, and therefore synchronic,
concepts. In what concerns the relation between
language, system, norm and their limits,
Eugeniu Coșeriu believes that: a) in a certain state of the language, one can distinguish
a system and one or more norms (Coșeriu 1993, 65); b) the limits of the system may not
coincide with the limits of the language (Coșeriu 1993, 64-65); c) in a certain sense, the
system is more extensive than the norm, and in another sense the norm is more
extensive than the system (Coșeriu 2000, 280-281).
According to Eugeniu Coșeriu, the distinction system/norm solves the difficulty and
the problems of the opposition language/speech, contributing to the clarification of the
functionality of language and justifying the basis of disciplines such as structural
grammar as science of the system, descriptive grammar as science of the norm,
phonology as science of the system and phonetics as science of actual speech, even
contributing to the clarification of the phenomenon of linguistic change, which can be
defined as rebellion against norm, allowed by the system (Coșeriu 1993, 66).
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