Ministry of higher and secondary special education of republic of uzbekistan

James Joyce, 1918
D. H. Lawrence wrote with understanding about the social life of the lower and middle classes, and the personal life of those who could not adapt to the social norms of his time. Sons and Lovers 1913, is widely regarded as his earliest masterpiece. There followed The Rainbow 1915, and its sequel Women in Love 1920. Lawrence attempted to explore human emotions more deeply than his contemporaries and challenged the boundaries of the acceptable treatment of sexual issues, most notably in Lady Chatterley's Lover 1928.
Agatha Christie
Agatha Christie was a crime writer of novels, short stories and plays, best remembered for her 80 detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays. Christie's works, particularly featuring the detectives Hercule Poirot or Miss Marple, have given her the title the 'Queen of Crime' and made her one of the most important and innovative writers in the development of the genre. Christie's novels include, Murder on the Orient Express 1934, Death on the Nile 1937 and And Then There Were None 1939. Another popular writer during the Golden Age of detective fiction was Dorothy L. Sayers. The novelist Georgette Heyer created the historical romance genre.
Literature has main divisions: fiction and non fiction.⁴ Fiction is writing that an author creates from the imagination. Authors may include facts about real persons or events but hey combine these facts with imaginary situations. Most fiction is narrative writing, such as novels and short stories. Fiction also includes drama and poetry. Nonfiction is factual writing about real life situations. The chief forms of nonfiction include the essay, history, biography, autobiography and diary.
Why we read literature? We all read for a variety of reasons. These reasons change with our age, our interests and the literature we read. Our basic reason for reading is probably pleasure. We read literature mostly because we enjoy it. Reading for pleasure may take various forms. We may read just to pass the time. Or, we may want to escape the four walls that usually surround us. Reading serves as a jet airplane that speeds us away from ourselves into the world of other people. We often read for information and knowledge. We find pleasure in learning about life in Swiss Alps or the Mississippi river. We find possible solutions to our problems when we meet people in books whose problems are alike our own. Through literature, we sometimes understand situations we could not otherwise understand in real life. We also read simply for enjoyment we get from arrangement of words. We can find pleasure even in nonsense syllables.
The prevailing literary form brought to world by critical realism was the novel. In the history of the English people the 30^s and 40^s of the XIX century was the period of acute social and ideological struggle. The industrial reform at the beginning of the XIX century was the mightiest impetus for the development of capitalism in England. From that time on there began the quick growth of the English industry, as well as the progress of the English working class.
In the midst of the 30s there began the new movement in England. The nation wide chartist movement- the ever tense state of the social struggle in the country. The political atmosphere in England became very acute in 1846-1847 on the eve of European revolutions of 1848.
There appeared a brilliant group of chartist-poets and publicists. The poems of the poets-chartists called the people for class- struggle. The typical feature of the poets chartists was the creation of the image of a fighter- worker. In this respect Ernest Jones is the brilliant example of the poets - chartists.
The years, preceding the revolution of 1848, were the most fruitful years of English critical realism. In the very period came out such novels as Thackeray's "Vanity Fair", "Jane Eyre" of Charlotte Bronte, "Mary Barton" of E.Gaskell and "Dombey and Son" of Dickens. All these works gave a vivid description of the political and social life in England, reflected fall of the spirit of the peoples mass, their protest against the Yoke of capitalism.
In general the literary works of the representatives of the English critical realism exposed the rotten sides of the society, reflecting the social contrasts in the country between the rich and poor, between the England of the rich and of the poor. The writers - realists of the XIX c. were opposed to the writers - Victorians of the same period. The Victorian writers and scientists praised the "Victorian England" (England ruled by the Queen Victoria) to the sky, propagating that during the Victorian power, which lasted from 1837 to 1901, England reached its flourishing height, that England developed in every respect.
But in reality the case was so different and so far from what had been reflected in the works of the Victorian writers. Realists objectively represent the social life with all kinds of its deep contrasts. The object of criticism with the critical realists was not only the aristocratic life with its typical representatives, images, but also its system of legislation, of order, its hypocrisy, treacherousness, as well as injustice and inhumanness of the existing social system.
The English realists tried to depict the main conflict of the epoch - the conflict between the exploited. Ideals of realists are mostly the ordinary, common and hard working people. Along with all the positive features, writers - realists were not devoid of shortcomings. For example, they were too far from understanding the essence of the historical development.
Despite the fact that they were fully given to depicting the interests of the people's mass, their attempts for the best life, they could not show the right way of struggle. At times, if not always, the critical - realists came out in their works with a compromising spirit, appealing (чакириб) the ruling class to become more human, just and honest.
Nineteenth century: Because Austen's novels failed to conform to Romantic and Victorian expectations that "powerful emotion [be] authenticated by an egregious display of sound and colour in the writing", 19th-century critics and audiences generally preferred the works of Charles Dickens and George Eliot. Though Austen's novels were republished in Britain beginning in the 1830s and remained steady sellers, they were not bestsellers. Austen had many admiring readers in the 19th century who considered themselves part of a literary elite: they viewed their appreciation of Austen's works as a mark of their cultural taste. Philosopher and literary critic George Henry Lewes expressed this viewpoint in a series of enthusiastic articles published in the 1840s and 1850s. This theme continued later in the century with novelist Henry James, who referred to Austen several times with approval and on one occasion ranked her with Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Henry Fielding as among "the fine painters of life".
The publication of James Edward Austen-Leigh's A Memoir of Jane Austen in 1869 introduced Austen to a wider public as "dear aunt Jane", the respectable maiden aunt. Publication of the Memoir spurred the reissue of Austen's novels—the first popular editions were released in 1883 and fancy illustrated editions and collectors' sets quickly followed. Author and critic Leslie Stephen described the popular mania that started to develop for Austen in the 1880s as "Austenolatry". Around the turn of the century, members of the literary elite reacted against the popularization of Austen. They referred to themselves as Janeites in order to distinguish themselves from the masses who did not properly understand her works. For example, James responded negatively to what he described as "a beguiled infatuation" with Austen, a rising tide of public interest that exceeded Austen's "intrinsic merit and interest"