Lepiota cristata (Bolton) P.Kumm., L. ignivolvata
Boussent & Joss, Leucoagaricus carneifolius (Gillet)
M.M.Moser, Lycoperdon umbrinum Pers. and
Macrolepiota fuliginosa (Barla) Bon. The family
Amanitaceae was recorded with species of Amanita
fulva Fr., A. pantherina (DC.) Krombh., A. rubescens
Pers. and A. vaginata Bull. One species was identified
from each Cortinariaceae, Fistulinaceae, Lyophyllaceae,
Marasmiaceae, Omphalotaceae, Plutaceae families,
which were Cortinarius triumphans Fr., Fistulina
hepatica (Schaef.) With. Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Singer,
Marasmius capillaris Morgan, Mycetinis scorodonius
(Fr.) A.W.Wilson & Desjardin and Pluteus pellitus
(Pers.) P.Kumm. respectively. Hymenogastraceae
family included species of four genera, that were
Galerina patagonica Singer, Ganoderma lucidum
(Curtis) P.Karst., Hebeloma sinapizans (Paulet)
Gillet. and Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P.Kumm.
The family Inocybaceae involved Crepidotus cesatii
(Rabenh.) Sacc., Inocybe maculata Boud., I. rimosa
(Bull.) P.Kumm. and Phaeomarasmius erinaceus (Fr.)
Scherff. ex Romagn. Mycenaceae family comprised
Hemimycena delectabilis (Peck) Singer, Mycena crocata
(Schrad.) P.Kumm., M. haematopus (Pers.) P.Kumm.,
M. pura (Pers.) P.Kumm. The species Armillaria mellea
(Vahl.) P. Kumm., Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer
and Hymenopellis radicata (Relhan) R.H.Petersen
were recorded within Physalacriaceae. Coprinopsis
atramentaria (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo,
Coprinus comatus (O.F.Müll.) Pers. and C. picaceus
(Bull) Gray. were included to the Psatyrellaceae.
Clitocybe odora (Bull.) P.Kumm., Connopus acervatus
(Fr.) K.W.Hugnes, Mather & R.H.Petersen., Lepista
nuda (Bull) Cooke, Tricholoma ustale (Fr.) P. Kumm
were resided to the Tricholomataceae.
The order Boletales included families of Boletaceae,
Gomphidiaceae and Suillaceae. Boletaceae was the
richest among the families in number of genera and
species and represented with species Boletus aereus
Bull., B. edulis Bull., (B. edulis f. quercicola Vassilkov,
B. edulis f. betulicola Vassilkov, B. edulis var. arenarius
H.Engel, Krieglst. & Dermek), B. purpureus Pers., B.
reticulatus Schaeff., B. subtomentosus L., B. variipes
25
Mustafabayli and Aghayeva.: Mushroom diversity in Shaki
Table. Taxonomic structure of mushrooms of Shaki district.
Phylum
Orders
Families
Genera
No
of spp.
Ascomycota
Pezizales
Helvellaceae
Helvella L.
3
Morchellaceae
Morchella Dill. ex Pers.
3
Pyronemataceaee
Otidea (Pers.) Bonord.
1
Sarcoscyphaceae
Sarcoscypha (Fr.) Boud.
1
Tuberacea
Tuber P. Micheli ex E.H. Wigg.
1
Basidiomycota
Agaricales
Agaricaceae
Agaricus L., Agrocybe Fayod, Apioperdon
(kreisel & D.Krüger) Vizzini, Bovista Pers.,
Chlorophyllum Massee, Echinoderma (Locq.
ex Bon) Bon, Lepiota (Pers.) Gray,
Leucoagaricus Locq. ex Singer, Lycoperdon
P.Micheli, Macrolepiota Singer
11
Amanitaceae
Amanita Dill. ex Boehm.
4
Cortinariaceae
Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray
1
Fistulinaceae
Fistulina Bull.
1
Hymenogastraceae
Galerina Earl , Hebeloma (Fr.) P.Kumm.,
Hypholoma (Fr.) P.Kumm.
Ganoderma P.Karst
4
Inocybaceae
Inocybe (Fr.) Fr., Phaeomarasmius Scherff.,
Crepidotus (Fr.) Statue
4
Lyophyllaceae
Calocybe Künher ex Donk
1
Marasmiaceae
Marasmius Fr.
1
Mycenaceae
Hemimycena Singer, Mycena Pers. Roussel
4
Omphalotaceae
Mycetinis Earle
1
Physalacriaceae
Armillaria (Fr.) Staude, Flammulina
P.Karst., Hymenopellis R.H.Petersen
3
Plutaceae
Pluteus Fr.
1
Psathyrellaceae
Coprinopsis P.Karst., Coprinus Pers.
3
Tricholomataceae
Clitocybe (Fr.) Staude, Connopus R.H.
Petersen, Lepista (Fr.) W.G. Sm ,
Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude
4
Boletales
Boletaceae
Boletus Tourn., Butyriboletus D.Arora & J.L.
Frank, Rheubarbariboletus Vizzini, Simonini
& Gelardi, Rubroboletus Kuan Zhao & Zhu
L.Yang, Caloboletus Vizzini, Imleria
Vizzini, Hemileccinum Šutara, Hortiboletus
Simonini, Vizzini & Gelardi, Neoboletus
Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini, Leccinellum
Bresinsky & Manfr. Binder, Leccinum Gray,
Suillellus Murrill, Xanthoconium Singer,
Xerocomus Quél
27
Gomphidiaceae
Gomphidius Fr.
1
Suillaceae
Suillus P. Micheli
4
Cantharellales Cantharellaceae
Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr.
2
Geastrales
Geastraceae
Geastrum Pers.
1
Gomphales
Clavariadelphaceae
Clavariadelphus Donk
1
Gomphaceae
Ramaria Holmsk.
1
Phallales
Phallaceae
Phallus Junius ex L.
1
Polyporales
Polyporaceae
Cerioporus Quél., Lentinus Fr., Polyporus P.
Micheli ex Adans.
5
Russulales
Auriscalpiaceae
Auriscalpium Gray
1
Russulaceae
Lactarius Pers. Russula Pers.
13
Thelaporales
Bankeraceae
Hydnellum P. Karst.
1
Tremellales
Tremellaceae
Tremella Pers.
1
Total
11
32
67
111
26
Plant & Fungal Research
Peck, Butyriboletus appendiculatus (Schaeff.) D.Arora
& J.L.Frank, B. regius (Krombh) D.Arora & J.L.Frank,
Caloboletus radicans (Pers.) Vizzini, Hemileccinum
depilatum (Redeuilh) Šutara, Hortiboletus rubellus
(Krombh) Simonini, Vizzini & Gelardi, Imleria badia
(Fr.) Vizzini, Leccinellum griseum (Quél.) Bresinsky &
Manfr. Binder, Leccinum crocipodium (Letell.) Watling,
L. scabrum (Bull.) Gray., Neoboletus erythropus (Pers.)
C.Hahu, Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus (Quél.)
Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi, Rubroboletus legaliae
(Pilát & Dermek) Della Magg. & Trassin., R. lupinus
(Fr.) Costanzo & Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini, R.
satanas (Lenz) Kuan Zhao & Zhu L.Yang, Suillellus
luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill, S. queletii (Schulzer)
Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi, Xanthoconium separans
(Pect) Halling & Both and Xerocomus chrysenteron
(Bull.) Quél. The family Gomphidiaceae covered
species Gomphidius roseus (Fr.) Fr. and five taxa of the
genus Suillus (S. collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze, S. granulatus
(L.) Roussel, S. luteus (L.) Roussel., S. luteus f. albus
Wasser & Soldatova).
The order Cantherellales included Cantharellus
cibarius Fr. and C. subalbidus A.H.Sm. & Morse of
the family Cantharellaceae. Geastrum saccatum Fr. of
the family Geastraceae, resided to the order Geastrales
and Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk of the family
Clavariadelphaceae and Ramaria obtusissima (Peck)
Corner of the family Gomphaceae were included
to the order Gomphales. Only one species, Phallus
ravenelii Berk. & M.A.Curtis was identified belonging
to the family Phallaceae of the order Phallales. Two
Cerioporus species C. squamosus (Huds.) Quél.,
C. varius (Pers.) Zmitr. & Kovalenko, one Lentinus
species L. brumalis (Pers.) Zmitr. and two Polyporus
species P. septosporus P.K.Buchanan & Ryvarden and
P. forquignoni Quél resided to Polyporaceae family of
the order Polyporales. The order Russulales included
two families, of which Auriscalpiaceae was indicated
with Auriscalpium vulgare Gray and Russulaceae with
Lactarius acris (Bolton) Gray, L. deliciosus (L.) Gray,
L. piperatus (L.) Pers., L. volemus (Fr.) Fr., L. zonarius
(Bull.) Fr., Russula albonigra (Krombh) Fr., R. delica Fr.,
R. foetens Pers., R. olivacea Pers., R. minutula Velen.,
R. rosacea (Pers.) Gray., R. turci Bres, R. virescens
(Schaeff.) Fr. The order Thelaporales comprised only
Hydnellum concrescens (Pers.) Banker from the family
Bankeraceae. Tremella mesenterica Retz. was a single
species belonging to the Tremellaceae of the order
Tremellales. The taxon (Fig. 1) identified as – Morchella
rotunda was synonimised within M. esculenta as M.
esculenta var. rotunda [Richard et al., 2015]. This taxon
and Suillus luteus f. albus are represent new records for
the country [Klofac, 2013].
Seasonality of mushrooms. Much more of samples were
collected in the summer season (June, July, August) and
included species of the genera Amanita, Apioperdon,
Boletus, Butyriboletus, Caloboletus, Cantharellus,
Cerioporus, Fistulina, Gomphidius, Hemileccinum,
Hymenopellis, Hypholoma, Imleria, Lactarius,
Leccinellum, Leccinum, Lycoperdon, Neoboletus,
Phallus, Rheubarbariboletus, Rubroboletus, Russula,
Suillellus and Xerocomus. Number of autum species
were also significant and mainly belonged to the
genera Agaricus, Apioperdon, Armillaria, Calocybe,
Clavariadelphus, Clitocybe, Connopus, Coprinopsis,
Coprinus, Cortinarius, Crepidotus, Echinoderma,
Galerina, Gomphidius, Hebeloma, Hemimycena,
Hydnellum, Imleria, Inocybe, Lactarius, Leccinum,
Lepiota, Leucoagaricus, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota,
Mycena, Mycetinis, Neoboletus, Otidea, Pluteus,
Ramaria, Russula, Suillus and Tricholoma. Species
from the genus Flammulina, Gomphidius, Suillus
and Tricholoma were found in the end of autumn and
beginning of winter (December). Spring mushrooms
were taxa belonging to the genera Auriscalpium,
Boletus, Bovista, Helvella, Hymenopellis, Hypholoma,
Lentinus, Morchella, Sarcoscypha, Xerocomus and
Tuber.
Fungal distribution along elevation gradients. Speci-
mens were collected in the low and middle mountain
zone (500-1000 m a.s.l.), middle and upper moun-
tain zone (800-1800 m a.s.l.), subalpine and alpine
zone (1900-2400 m a.s.l.). The study showed that
diversity of mushrooms changes along the eleva-
tional gradients. The low and middle mountain zone
mushrooms included 86 taxa (82 species, 4 infra-
species) of the genera Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus,
Bovista, Butyriboletus, Cantharellus, Caloboletus,
Figure 1. Two new taxa for Azerbaijan (A) Morchella
esculenta var. rotunda and (B) Suillus luteus f. albus
27
Mustafabayli and Aghayeva.: Mushroom diversity in Shaki
Clavariadelphus, Coprinopsis, Coprinus, Ganoderma,
Geastrum, Hemimycena, Hortiboletus, Hymenopellis,
Hypholoma, Lactarius, Lentinus, Lepiota, Leccinellum,
Leccinum, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota, Morchella,
Mycena, Mycetinis, Neoboletus, Phallus, Polyporus,
Rubroboletus, Russula, Sarcoscypha, Suillellus, Suillus,
Tremella, Tuber and Xerocomus (Fig. 2).
The higher number of taxa, about 35 species belon-
ging to the genera Auriscalpium, Boletus, Butyriboletus,
Calocybe, Cantharellus, Chlorophyllum, Clitocybe,
Coprinus, Ganoderma, Gomphidius, Hymenopellis,
Hypholoma, Lactarius, Lepiota, Lycoperdon,
Marasmius, Morchella, Mycena, Mycetinis, Otidea,
Polyporus, Russula, Sarcoscypha, Suillus, Tremella and
Tricholoma were found in the middle and upper moun-
tain zone.
Only three species and one infraspecies of the genera
Amanita, Boletus and Sarcoscypha were recorded in the
subalpine and alpine zone. Some species were recorded
in more than one elevation zone. Species of the genera
Amanita, Boletus and Sarcoscypha were collected in
all three elevation zones, species of the genera Boletus,
Cantharellus, Coprinus, Hypholoma, Lactarius,
Lepiota, Morchella, Russula, Polyporus and Suillus in
two elevation zones.
Ecological groups of mushrooms. Identified species
can be differentiated as symbiotrophs, humus sapro-
phytes and xylotrophs. Symbiotrophs was dominant
among ecological groups with 53.16 % of species be-
longing to the genera Amanita, Boletus, Butyriboletus
Caloboletus, Clavariadelphus, Cortinarius, Hebeloma,
Hemileccinum, Hortiboletus, Hydnellum, Imleria,
Inocybe, Lactarius, Leccinellum, Leccinum,
Neoboletus, Rheubarbariboletus, Rubroboletus, Suillus,
Suillellus, Russula, Tricholoma, Tuber, Xantoconium
and Xerocomus. This group was followed by humus
saprophytes which includes Agaricus bisporus, Bovista
plumbea, Chlorophyllum rhacodes, Clitocybe odora,
Coprinopsis atramentaria, Coprinus comatus, C.
picaceus, Echinoderma asperum, Helvella acetabulum,
H. atra, H. lacunosa, Leucoagaricus carneifolius,
Lepiota cristata, Lepiota ignivolvata, Lepista nuda,
Morchella crassipes, M. esculenta, Morchella esculenta
var. rotunda, Mycena pura, Mycetinis scrodonius
with 21.62 % and xylotrophs that were Apioperdon
pyriforme, Armillaria mellea, Auriscalpium vulgare,
Cerioporus squamosus, C. varius, Connopus acervatus,
Coprinopsis atramentaria, Crepidotus cesatii, Fistulina
hepatica, Flammulina velutipes, Galerina patagonica,
Ganoderma lucidum, Hemimycena delectabilis,
Hymenopellis radicata, Hypholoma fasciculare,
Inonotus obliquus, Lentinus brumalis, Leucoagaricus
carneifolius, Lycoperdon umbrinum, Macrolepiota
fuliginosa, Marasmius capillaries, Mycena crocata,
M. haematopus, Mycetinis scrodonius, Otidea onotica,
Phaeomarasmius erinaceus, Pluteus pellitus, Polyporus
septosporus, P. forquignoni, Sarcoscypha coccinea,
Tremella mesenterica) with 25.22% (Fig. 3).
Rare species. Three species among sampled collections
were rare for the territory of Azerbaijan. Species of
Cortinarius triumphans, Crepidotus cesatii, Suillellus
queletii were recorded as rare for Azerbaijan in
the Key to agaric mushrooms of Transcaucasia by
A.S.Sadiqov [Opred…, 1985]. Later Butyriboletus
regius, Clavariadelphus pistillaris and Otidea onotica
were included to the list of rare mushrooms for
Figure 3. Ecological groups of mushroom species
of Shaki district.
Figure 2. Distribution of mushrooms species along
altitudinal zones of Shaki district.
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