part of the island.
ELS • 169
I TO TAKE UP EXERCISE
Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in the long-term
maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to
the average American, who would rather try switching to "light" beer and low-calorie
bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example,
found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed
pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet. In rejecting exercise, some
people may be unduly discouraged by caloric expenditure charts; for example, one
would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one
scrumptious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a point here.
"Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight," says York Onnen, program
director of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Still, exercise's
supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University Medical
Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed
that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight,
while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained
their new weight. If you have been sedentary and decide to start
walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100
calories daily. In a year's time, assuming no increase in food intake, you
could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually
land making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight.
EX E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) long period of time
b) keeping something the same
c) change to something
d) effort; exercise
e) lose; get rid of
f) weight measurement, approximately 0.45
kilograms
g) join or do together
h) say no to; not accept
i) unnecessarily; excessively
j) using of bodily energy
(phrase)
k) quickly; energetically
I) exercise to get rid of
(phrase)
m) extremely delicious
n) admit; accept something is true, often
unwillingly
o) agree; say something is true, because you
have the information about it
p) not moving; sitting down a lot
q) changes in order to make suitable
170 • ELS
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, it is apparent that
A)
more and more people are beginning to realize the importance of exercise in losing weight
B) walking briskly doesn't help one to lose weight
C) more people choose to lose weight merely by dieting
D) one should walk at least three miles a day for a quick result
E) obesity is common especially among police officers and public employees
2. The writer states that
A)
if they knew the caloric expenditure charts, people would be motivated to take up exercise
B) people are demoralized upon seeing how much activity is needed to burn off a certain
number of calories.
C) people can speed up the process of losing weight by choosing vigorous exercise
D) leading a routine life plays an important part in long-term maintenance of body weight
E) exercise professionals don't believe in the use of exercise in losing weight
3. It can be concluded from the passage that
A)
people who have reduced their weight by exercising never put on weight again
B) it is inevitable for people who have sedentary occupations to put on weight
C) extremely delicious food, such as Danish pastries, can be tempting for people with an
appetite
D) one should include exercise in daily life in order not to regain the weight lost
E) 100 calories daily is the advised amount to be burnt in order to lose weight
EX E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Reading, for me,
education with pleasure.
2.
He
that he had made a few mistakes, but not that he was completely
wrong.
3.
Her application for the post was
because of her lack of experience.
4.
Paul wasn't in the office, I thought he was probably ill. When I phoned his wife she
that he was, by saying that he had a fever.
5. This dress will need a few
before you can wear it.
ELS • 17 1
f
JAPANESE EMPLOYEES
In Japan, there is a close relationship between the worker and his company.
Employees work hard and do hours of unpaid overtime to make their firms more
efficient. If necessary, they give up weekends with the family to go on business trips.
They are loyal to their organizations and they are totally involved with them. The
system of lifetime employment creates a strong link between the enterprise and its
workforce. It covers about 35% of the working population. Generally, when a person
joins a firm after leaving high school or university, he expects to stay with that firm
until he retires. He has a secure job for life. Therefore, he will not be laid off if the
company no longer needs him because there is no work. Instead, it will retrain him
for another position. The pay of a worker depends on his seniority, that is to say, on
the years he has been with the firm. The longer he stays there, the higher his salary
will be. When he is 30 or 40 years old, therefore, he cannot afford to change jobs. If
he did move, he would also lose valuable fringe benefits. Promotion depends on
seniority as well. Japanese managers are rarely very young, and chief executives
are at least 60, and very often 70 years old. The Japanese have a special way of
making decisions. They call it the consensus system. This is how it works: when a
firm is thinking of taking a certain action, it encourages workers at all levels to
discuss the proposal and give their opinions. The purpose is to reach a consensus,
or general agreement. As soon as everyone agrees on the right course of action, the
decision is taken. Because of this method, a group of workers, rather than one
person, is responsible for company policies. One advantage of this is that decisions
come from a mixture of experience from the top, the middle, and the bottom of an
enterprise. Another advantage is that junior staff frequently suggest ideas for
change. A disadvantage, perhaps, is that decision-making can be slow.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
faithful
b) company or business
c) be made redundant; lose one's job
(phrase)
d) condition of being in a higher position
e) extra things got from a job, e.g. pension, car,
etc.
(phrase)
f) advancement into a more important position at
work
g) most important members of a company
(phrase)
h) lower level employees
(phrase)
I72 • ELS
E X E RC IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In Japan, the companies and their employees have a close relationship
A)
in order to increase the level of productivity
B) as Japanese culture values work more than family life
C) so that the workers won't look for work elsewhere
D) despite the amount of unpaid overtime they have to do
E) because so many people are employed for life
2. If there is no longer any work for a Japanese employee
A)
it is impossible to find another job
B) retirement is the only option
C) the company doesn't dismiss him but trains him for another job
D) the company will continue to provide the essentials for his family
E) his fringe benefits will be taken away
3. Although the Japanese consensus system can mean that decisions are not made
quickly
A)
no workers are excluded due to their position or lack of experience
B) at least when the decision is reached everyone will be happy
C) it is much more efficient than systems in other countries
D) they can ensure that the decision comes from those most qualified to make it
E) the advantage is that company policy will be consistent
EX E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Thousands of workers have
because of the dreadful economic
situation.
2.
Her
to company director both surprised and delighted us all.
3.
One of the most important qualities to be found in your friends is that they are
4.
Our actual salary isn't very high, but we receive so many
that it doesn't
really matter.
5. Despite his
in the company, he always treats all the staff as equals.
ELS • 173
TEMPERAMENTS OF MAN AND WOMAN
On the basis of research I have carried out, I believe that there are male and
female versions of the same temperament. Temperamentally there are male as well
as female introverts and extroverts, fiercely brave women as well as fiercely brave
men, shy and gentle men as well as shy and gentle women. Every society
emphasizes an expected personality for each sex. Sometimes both men and women
are expected to have the same kind of personality. That is, both men and women
are expected to be outgoing, active people or, on the contrary, introspective,
meditative people. In cultures where this is so, sex differences are reflected in the
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