e r it m a s i d a n i b o r a t boMib, k is lo ta la r esa ikki fa za b o ‘ylab ta rq a la d i.
U l a r n i n g t a r q a l is h ( b o ‘lin is h ) k o e f fits ie n tla r i t u r l i c h a b o ‘lganligi
sab a b li, suvli f a z a g a a s o s a n k is lo ta la rd a n biri o ‘ta d i ( m a s a la n - N X ) .
U h o l d a m u v o z a n a t suvli fa z a d a V U tu z i h o sil b o ‘lish to m o n ig a
siljiydi. s o ‘n g r a o r g a n ik e r itu v c h i m o d d a d a n a jra lib , tu z n i (V U )
k ristallab o lis h m u m k in .
S h u usul b ila n q u y id a g i re ak siy an i olib b o r is h m u m k in :
2KC1 + H
2
S 0
4
= K
2
S 0
4
+ HC1
A g a rd a kaliy sulfati bilan t o 'y i n g a n e r itm a g a q a ttiq KC1 va H
2
S 0
4
b e rib a m il spirti b ila n ishlansa, HC1 t o ‘liq am il spirti tarkibiga o ‘tadi.
K
2
S 0
4
e sa suvli fa z a d a kristall h o l a t d a c h o ‘k m a g a tu s h a d i. S h u n d a y
qilib b u g ‘la tis h j a r a y o n i n i KC1 d a n K
2
S 0
4
g a c h a
k o n v e r siy a qilish
m u m k i n b o ‘ladi. I s h la tilg a n o r g a n ik e r itu v c h in i suv b ila n yuvilib,
20% li t u z kislo ta si — HC1 olish m u m k in .
S h u usul b ila n K C1 d a n kaliy n itr a t o lis h n i o d d iy te x n o lo g iy a
b ila n a m a lg a o sh irish m u m k in :
K C 1 + H N 0
3
= K N O
3
+ H C I
B u n in g u c h u n 10% suvli izo am il s p irtig a a z o t kislotasi va m a y d a
kristall kaliy xlo rid i s o lin sa , K C
1
te z d a erib , q a t t i q fazaga n itra t
kaliy o ‘ta d i. O r g a n ik e r u v c h i m o d d a l a r y o r d a m i b ila n suv e r itm a sin i
o ‘tk a z ib b o ‘l m a y d i g a n a l m a s h in is h r e a k s iy a la rin i a m a lg a o sh irish
m u m k in . M a s a la n :
2 N H
4
C1 + C a S 0
4
= C a C l
2
+ ( N H
4
)
2
S 0
4
Suv m u h i t i d a ( e r itm a s id a ) bu re aksiya te sk a ri
t o m o n g a ketishi
m u q a r r a r , c h u n k i re aksiya n a tija s id a c h o ‘k m a d a kalsiy sulfati hosil
b o ‘ladi.
S p irtli e r i t m a d a esa:
C a S 0
4
+ H C I = C a C l
2
+ H
2
S 0
4
H
2
S 0
4
+ 2 N H
4
C1 = ( N H
4
)
2
S 0
4
+ H C I
A m m o n iy sulfati ajratib o lin g a n d a n s o ‘ng H C I ning spirtli eritm asi
y a n a q a y ta ish lab c h i q a r is h g a y u b o rila d i.
S u v d a e r u v c h a n o r g a n ik e r itu v c h i m o d d a l a r n in g tu z la r in i q u ri-
tis h d a va t u z e r it m a l a r in i q u y u q la s h tir is h , h a t t o kristallarg a tu s h i-
rish m a q s a d i d a h a m f o y d a la n ish m u m k in . S h u n d a y qilib m a z k u r
u su ln i k e n g k o ‘la m d a q o ‘llash u c h u n e r itu v c h i o r g a n ik m o d d a l a r
b a r q a r o r (s ta b il), t e z d a y o ‘q o lm a y d ig a n va y u q o ri e r u v c h a n lik x u
su siyatiga e g a b o ‘lishi kerak.
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1.6.
FLOTATSIYA
Tabiiy m in e r a lla r va s u n ’iy tu z a r a la s h m a la r in i ajra tish d a flotatsiya
usuli e n g k o ‘p q o ‘lla n ila d ig a n usul d e s a b o ‘ladi. F lo ta ts iy a j a r a y o n i
m i n e r a ll a r s ir tin in g x u su siy atig a, a y n iq s a h o ‘lla n ish ig a a s o sla n g a n .
K o ‘pik flo tatsiy asin i olib b o ris h u c h u n suvli m a y d a l a n g a n ru d a sus-
p e n z iy a s ig a hav o k o ‘p iklari b e rila d i.
S u v d a y o m o n hoM langan (g id ro fo b ) z a r r a c h a l a r k o ‘p ik c h a la r g a
y o p ish ib , a r a l a s h m a , y a ’ni s u s p e n z iy a n i y u z a sig a c h iq a d i. Bu m i n e -
r a ld a n ta sh k il to p g a n k o ‘pik a r a l a s h m a d a n u s h b u m in e r a l ajra tib
o lin a d i. B u n i flotatsiya k o n s e n tr a ti d e b a ta la d i. Suv b ila n yaxshi
h o ‘lla n u v c h i z a r r a c h a l a r (g id ro fil) s u y u q l i k d a q o la d i. Bu q is m n i
flotatsiya d u m l a r i d e b a ta la d i. E riy d ig a n t u z l a r a r a la s h m a s in i f l o t a
tsiya qilish t o ‘y in g a n e r it m a l a r d a olib b o rila d i. F lo ta ts iy a o ‘tk azish
u c h u n m a x s u s f l o t o r e a g e n tla r d a n
f o y d a la n ila d i, u l a r turli o rg a n ik
va n o o r g a n ik m o d d a l a r b o ‘lib, flo tatsiy a su sp e n z iy a s ig a o z m i q d o r
d a q o ‘sh ila d i. M a s a la n , s u s p e n z iy a d a b a r q a r o r m a y d a d isp ers k o ‘pik
h osil qilish u c h u n m a x su s k o ‘pik hosil q ilu v c h i m o d d a l a r q o ‘shiladi
( m a s a la n , ish q o riy m o d d a l a r ) . R u d a l a r z a r r a c h a l a r in i n g k o ‘pikka
yop ish q o q lik xususiyatini (gidrofob xususiyatini) oshirish u c h u n suvda
e r u v c h a n sirt — faol m o d d a l a r q o ‘sh ilad i.
Bu r e a g e n t l a r n i k o lle k to r la r d e b a ta la d i. F lo ta ts iy a , y a ’ni m i n e -
ra lla rn i a jr a tis h j a r a y o n i n i t o ‘liq o 't k a z i s h d a m o d if ik a to r , a k tiv a to r
( f a o lla s h tir g ic h ) n o m i bilan a ta la d ig a n f lo to r e a g e n t h a m q o ‘shiladi.
F lo ta ts iy a j a r a y o n i m ax su s flotatsiya m a s h i n a l a r d a olib b o rilad i.
Eruvchanlik diagrammasi.
M in e ra l
0
‘g ‘itlar va tu z la r texnologiyasi
b ila n b o g ‘liq m a s a la la rn i
ta hlil q ilish , ra ts io n a l te x n o lo g ik tiz im la r
va r e jim la rn i a n iq la s h u c h u n te x n o lo g ik f iz ik -k im y o v iy tiz im la rd a g i
m o d d a l a r n i n g ta rk ib iy o 'z g a r is h la r i, h o la t o ‘z g a ris h la ri, b ir-b iri b i
lan b o g ‘liqligini bilish k erak . F iz ik -k im y o v iy tiz im m o d d a l a r ta rk i-
bining fizik-kim yoviy o ‘zgarishlarining yigfindisi deyiladi. H a r q an d a y
k im y o v iy o ‘z g a r is h la rd a tiz im m u v o z a n a t h o la tig a in tilad i. Y a ’ni,
h a m m a f a z a la r d a t e m p e r a t u r a , b o s im , h a r b ir k o m p o n e n t n i n g k i m
yoviy p o te n s ia li b a r o b a r la s h a d i. S h u n in g u c h u n turli te x n o lo g ik m a
sa la la rn i h a l qilish u c h u n t i z im la r n in g m u v o z a n a t s h a r tla r in i bilish
kerak.
K im y o v iy tiz im la rn in g tark ib i, h o la ti, xususiyatlari
va b ir-birla ri
bilan b o g ‘liqligini o ‘rg anuvchi kim yoviy fanni fizik -k im y o tahlil d ey i
ladi. Bu f a n n in g asoschisi rus o lim i N .S . K u rn a k o v b o ‘lib, s o ‘ngra
L o m o n o s o v , D a lto n , M e n d e le y e v , G ibss, V a n t - G o f t va b o s h q a la r
t o m o n i d a n r i v o j l a n t i r i lg a n . N . S . K u r n a k o v f i z i k - k i m y o t a h l i li n i
kim yoviy o 'z g a ris h la rn i g e o m e tr ik usul b ilan o ‘rg anish deb t a ’riflaydi.
324