– it is an attitude of a client towards a tourist enterprise presenting
based on an attitude towards a tourist enterprise.
2008, p. 12.
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MULTIDIMENSIONALITY AND DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER...
the consumer loyalty phenomenon, and thus predispose tourism enterprises
to introduce the concept of relationship marketing.
4
This concept emphasiz-
es the role of existing ties and mutual achievement of objectives, as well as
the role played by the realization of promises made. Therefore, in the case
of service enterprises, the emphasis is placed on personal relations between
a client and the service provider’s staff, within the framework of which an
in-depth loyalty-oriented bond is established. The role of service personnel
does increase in such circumstances.
Having considered the above remarks, an approach towards defining
loyalty in the case of service enterprises also requires relational understand-
ing. One of the first approaches towards loyalty in the relational context is
the proposal made by S. Fournier which defines loyalty as a long-term part-
nership based on involvement and emotions manifested in mutual relations
between a client and a service provider, since these interactions primarily
have an impact on mutual loyalty [Fournier 1998, p. 346].
For a strong relationship to exist, both parties must experience benefits.
The research of K. P. Gwinner, D. D. Grembler, and M. J. Bitner focused both
on the benefits of a long-term customer relationship from the perspective
of the firm and a long-term service relationship for the customer.
5
“Only by
examining the benefits from both sides of the relationship can firms build ef-
fective relational strategies” [Gwinner, Grembler, Bitner 1998, pp. 106–107].
The specific nature of mutual relations established between a client and
a service provider also requires loyalty from a service enterprise towards its
client, whereas in a relational understanding of loyalty, it is the client’s per-
spective
6
which remains crucial as it expects reciprocal loyalty from a ser-
vice enterprise [Fournier 1998, p. 346].
S. Rundle-Thiele also emphasizes the need for approaching loyalty in
a two-way manner. In her opinion, loyalty is “a feeling or an approach of full
involvement and affection.” Such a feeling is associated with the tendency
for a given person to feel obligated to persist in his or her personal relations
in both good and bad times [Rundle-Thiele 2006, pp. 416–417].
D. Siemieniako has observed that combining the relations between
a client and an enterprise with the loyalty concept results in a higher lev-
4
According to Grönroos, relations marketing represents establishing, maintaining, and
enhancing relations with customers and other partners in a way which enables both parties to
achieve their objectives, following a reciprocal exchange and keeping promises [Grönroos 1990].
5
K.P. Gwinner, D.D. Gremler, and M.J. Bitner suggest customers derive different types
of relational benefits from long-term relationships with service firms: social benefits (frater-
nization, friendship, personal recognition), psychical benefits (a reduction of anxiety, grater
trust/confidence), and economic benefits (discounts/price breaks, additional services or consid-
erations, history development) [Gwinner, Grembler, Bitner 1998, pp. 106–107].
6
Having analyzed loyalty characteristics from the client’s perspective, Siemieniako, Run-
dle-Thiele, and Urban, based on research conducted in five countries (Poland, Portugal, Byelo-
russia, Canada, and Australia), indicate that loyalty is complex, relational, dynamic, requires
mutual confidence, remains permanent, and is based on the free will of both parties involved
[Siemieniako, Rundle-Thiele, Urban 2010, pp. 288–294].