O`quv ishlari bo`yicha prorektor A. Soleyev “ ” 2021-yil

Mavzu: Adabiy turlar. Epos, lirika, drama. Eposning janrlari
Reja:

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   Adabiy tur va janrlar haqida tushuncha
   
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   Eposning xususiyatlari
   
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   Lirikaning o’ziga xosligi
   
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   Drama predmeti
   
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   Eposning janrlari
   

Social background: the age of Enlightenment or the age of Reason, a progressive intellectual movement, to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic idea, to celebrate reason, equality and science, call for a reference to order, reason and rules. Literature: the school of Classicism; the rise of modern novel; Sentimentalism; Pre-Romanticism ; Sheridan’s drama Classicism---All forms of literature should be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, controlled by some fixed laws and rules; Artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, Addison, Steel and Pope as representative Steel and “The Tattler”; Addison and “The Spectator” Pope---the most important representative of Classical poetry, so perfect in heroic couplet that no one has been able to approach him modern novel---the mid-century predominated by a new realistic novel, Defoe, Swift, Richardson, fielding, Smollett and Sternes as representatives; description of adventures Defoe and Robinson Crusoe Swift and Gulliver’s Travel Richardson and Pamela Fielding and Tom Jones Sterne and Tristan Shandy Smollett and Roderick Random Sentimentalism---By the mid of the 18th century, sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.
Badiiy asarlar shunchalik rang-barang, ular “nima bilan nimani va qanday aks ettirishi” (Aristotel)ga qarab, asosan uch turga bo’linadilar. Bular: epos, lirika, drama hisoblanadi.
Davrning muhim ko’rinishlarini (nima to’g’risida), chuqur tahlil qilib, uning ko’pchilik e’tiborini jalb etadigan g’oya va muammolarini o’rtaga qo’yish(nimani gapirish) va shu asosda tug’ilgan ko’ngildagi fikrlarni aniq va yangi obrazlar vositasida ifodalash (qanday tasvirlash) – yaxlit, birbutun jarayon (“Bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan” olamni yaratish)dir. Ularni bir-biridan ajratish mumkin bo’lmaganidek, epos, lirika, drama ham yagona adabiyot (daraxt)dir. Ularning ildizi, tanasi bitta – faqat bu “vujud” - taraqqiy etgan uchta “shox”dan-adabiy turdan iborat.
Uchchala tur ham bitta asos-hayotdan oziqlansalar-da, uchchalasi ham bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan olamni kashf etsa-da, ayni paytda, ularning har birining o’ziga xosligini ta’minlovchi predmeti ham bor. Eposniki – voqea,lirikaniki – ruhiy kechinma, dramaniki – harakatdir. Eposdagi qahramon – voqea, dramaning qahramoni – inson shaxsi (V.Belinskiy) lirikaning qahramoni insonning ichki tuyg’ularidir.
Shu sabab, bugungi kunda “liro-epik tur” (she’riy roman, doston, ballada, masal, oda)ni, “tarixiy-badiiy tur” (ocherk, reportaj, kundalik)ni (L.Timofeyev) ixtiro qilish asossiz, chunki ularning “o’zlarigagina” tegishli bo’lgan – predmetlari (narsaning belgilari) yo’q. Shuning uchun ham V.Belinskiiy “Poeziyaning hamma turlari... faqat uchta, bundan ortiq bo’lishi mumkin emas” – deydi va biz ham ayni shu haqiqatdan kelib chiqib, tur va janrlarning qonuniyatlarini ochishga o’tamiz.
Bundan aniqlashadiki, har bir turning predmetiga binoan, badiiy asarni vujudga keltiruvchi barcha vositalar – xarakter, syujet, konflikt, badiiy til va hokazo unsurlar ham turfa xil xususiyatlar kasb etadi.
E P O S
Eposda xalqning taqdiriga ta’sir ko’rsatgan buyuk voqealar olingani uchun uning bosh qahramoni tarixdir. Shu sabab unda xalq taqdiri ham, alohida shaxs taqdiri ham dunyoviy ahamiyatga ega bo’lgan tarixiy voqeaga bog’liq bo’ladi, ana shu tarixiy voqea ularni yurgizib - turg’izadi, taqdirini hal etadi.
Bundan ko’rinadiki, eposda odam emas, voqea hukmronlik qiladi. Shu asosga ko’ra, uning o’ziga xos qonuniyatlari quyidagicha voqye bo’ladi:

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