rescue therapy showed by regression analysis that the ITT
eradication success rate was numerically higher with the
14-day versus the 10-day regimen, although this was not
statistically different (78.7% vs 75.6%; P
¼ .33).
The bismuth formulations used in these studies varied
considerably, with colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-Nol)
used most commonly in Europe and bismuth subsalicylate
(Pepto-Bismol) used most commonly in North America;
however, whether the different formulations result in a
different outcome is not clear. Although usually adminis-
tered 4 times a day, some studies (from China) have sug-
gested that giving double the dose of bismuth twice daily is
also effective.
62
There were no signi
ficant differences in proportions of
adverse events or compliance between
first-line PBMT and
PAC in the meta-analyses.
21,22
However, adherence tends to
be higher in clinical trials compared with real-world set-
tings. Data show that in many therapeutic areas, adherence
is negatively affected by dose frequency and regimen
complexity (multiple medications, multiple doses, speci
fic
dietary or time requirements).
63
In one study, adherence to
H pylori treatment was shown to decrease with increasing
dose frequency and pill burden.
29
In the follow-up survey,
26% of patients reported that frequent dosing had reduced
their ability to comply with a 4-drug treatment, while 22%
reported that the number of pills required reduced their
compliance.
29
Decisions. As described in statement 2, meta-analyses
show a substantial decrease in eradication success in
studies from 2006 and later compared with those conducted
in 2005 and earlier; the decrease was much more pro-
nounced with triple therapy, likely due to development of
resistance (
Figure 1
).
21,22
This
finding and the efficacy data
presented in the preceding text suggest that bismuth
quadruple therapy is more effective than triple therapy, with
longer durations of therapy resulting in more effective erad-
ication. However, these analyses also show that eradication
success rates with 7- to 10-day regimens are suboptimal at
approximately 80% (usually for 7- to 10-day regimens) and
that success rates are decreasing over time.
21,22
July 2016
Toronto Consensus for
H pylori Treatment
57
Therefore, despite the limitations of these data, the
consensus group supported the use of PBMT with the
optimal duration of 14 days when given as
first-line therapy.
Because the proportion of eradication success decreases
with subsequent rescue therapy attempts, this was voted a
strong recommendation.
42,43
The consensus group suggested steps that could be
taken to minimize the impact of the more complex regimen
on adherence. One strategy to improve compliance with
PBMT might be prescribing the PPI twice daily and the other
agents 4 times a day versus prescribing a combination of
dosing 4 times a day (for bismuth and tetracycline) and 3
times a day (for metronidazole) (
Table 2
). Having the
pharmacy prepare blister packs can also help. In some
countries, a 3-in-1 pill is available, which simpli
fies dosing
for patients.
54,64
–66
In patients with penicillin allergies, PBMT would be the
preferred
first-line option. This regimen was shown to be
more effective than triple therapy (PMC) in a prospective
study in patients allergic to penicillin (ITT eradication rate,
75% and 59%; P
< .05).
67
Statement 4. In patients with
H pylori infection,
we recommend concomitant nonbismuth quadruple
therapy (PAMC) for 14 days as one of the options for
first-line therapy. GRADE: Strong recommendation; qual-
ity of evidence moderate for ef
ficacy and very low for dura-
tion. Vote: strongly agree, 87.5%; agree, 12.5%.
Key evidence (
Supplementary Table 4
). Meta-analyses
of RCTs assessing the ef
ficacy of concomitant nonbismuth
quadruple therapy (PAMC) have generally reported pooled
ITT eradication success rates of approximately 90%,
44,68,69
although one meta-analysis reported 81% success with 5-
to 10-day regimens.
70
However, a trend toward better
eradication with longer durations of treatment has been
shown: 85%/88%/89%/93%/92% for 3 days/4 days/5
days/7 days/10 days, respectively.
44
An updated meta-
analysis of observational data extracted from RCTs, per-
formed for the consensus meeting, included 57 RCTs as
of 2015 and found an overall ITT eradication success
rate with nonbismuth concomitant quadruple therapy of
88%
(95%
CI,
86%
–89%).
69
In
subgroup
analyses,
concomitant therapy was more effective than triple therapy
(n
¼ 19 RCTs; RD, 11%; 95% CI, 7%–16%; P < .00001) and
more effective than sequential therapy in studies that
compared the same drugs at the same dose and for the same
duration (n
¼ 14 RCTs; RD, 6%; 95% CI, 3%–9%; P < .0001)
(
Figure 2
).
69
Concomitant therapy also performed better
than sequential therapy in resistant strains (clarithromycin
resistance, 92% vs 62%
55,71,72
; metronidazole resistance,
97% vs 82%
71
–73
; dual clarithromycin and metronidazole
resistance, 79% vs 47%
55,71
–73
).
69
Other issues and discussion. Two Spanish studies that
assessed a regimen called optimized PAMC (increased PPI
dose of esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily and extended
duration from 10 to 14 days) found higher ITT eradication
success rates compared with optimized triple therapy (PPI
dose of esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily and 14-day dura-
tion) (90.4% vs 81.3%; P
< .001)
74
and compared with
standard concomitant therapy (93% vs 87%; P
< .01).
45
Adverse events were signi
ficantly more common with the
optimized PAMC therapy (
w8%–15% more common), but
compliance with therapy was similar between groups.
45,74
Decisions. Based on the evidence of acceptable eradi-
cation rates and the trend toward increasing ef
ficacy with
longer
durations,
the
consensus
group
agreed
that
concomitant quadruple therapy (PAMC) for 14 days should
Figure 2. Meta-analysis of
eradication
successes
(ITT)
with
sequential
versus concomitant non-
bismuth quadruple thera-
pies. Regimens used the
same drugs at the same
doses for equal durations.
RDs are shown as pro-
portions rather than per-
centages.
An
updated
meta-analysis
conducted
for
the
consensus
meeting, based on Gisbert
and McNicholl.
69
58
Fallone et al
Gastroenterology Vol. 151, No. 1
be considered a
first-line option. However, for patients
allergic to penicillin, PBMT is the preferred
first-line option
(see statement 3).
Statement 5. In patients with
H pylori infection,
we recommend restricting the use of PPI triple
therapy (PAC or PMC for 14 days) to areas with
known low clarithromycin resistance (
<15%) or
proven high local eradication rates (
>85%). GRADE:
Strong recommendation; quality of evidence moderate for
ef
ficacy of PPI triple therapy for 14 days and low for
restrictions. Vote: strongly agree, 12.5%; agree, 75%;
disagree, 12.5%.
Key evidence (
Supplementary Table 5
). Although meta-
analyses of RCTs (mainly published before 2008) have not
shown a signi
ficant difference in eradication rates with PPI
triple therapies compared with bismuth and nonbismuth
quadruple therapies (see statement 3),
21,22,70
eradication
success rates with triple therapies have been decreasing over
time (
Figure 1
).
21,22,75
As described with statement 2, the
success of clarithromycin-based therapies is very dependent
on the susceptibility pro
file of the organism to this anti-
biotic.
21,22,46,52
–55
In one meta-analysis, triple therapy ach-
ieved eradication in 88% of clarithromycin-sensitive strains
but in only 14% of clarithromycin-resistant strains (RD, 75%;
95% CI, 63%
–87%).
22
In addition, as discussed in statement
1, a 14-day duration is associated with a superior success
rate compared with shorter durations of this regimen.
27,28,76
Other issues and discussion. PAM is a PPI triple therapy
that avoids the issue of clarithromycin resistance. However,
it was inferior to PAC and PMC in earlier studies,
77
and
therefore it was concluded that use of PAM should also be
restricted to areas with demonstrated high rates of success.
Decisions. The dramatic impact of resistance on the ef-
ficacy of triple therapy reinforces the need to restrict this
treatment to areas where it has demonstrated recent and
ongoing high successful eradication rates (usually
!90%;
however, in the real-world setting, the consensus group
decided
>85% would be appropriate). The consensus group
acknowledged that most clinicians may not know the prev-
alence of clarithromycin resistance in their local population
(see statement 2). In such cases, given the evidence of
inadequate eradication rates, they recommend that clinicians
err on the side of caution and avoid PPI triple therapy
containing clarithromycin (PAC, PMC) unless they have evi-
dence of high success rates (
>85%) in their community. In
addition, contrary to prior recommendations,
11,12
if triple
therapy is to be used at all, it should be given for 14 days.
Statement 6. In patients with
H pylori infection,
we recommend against the use of levo
floxacin triple
therapy (PAL) as a
first-line therapy. GRADE: Strong
recommendation; quality of evidence very low. Vote: strongly
agree, 87.5%; agree, 12.5%.
Key evidence (
Supplementary Table 6
). In RCTs, ITT
eradication success rates for the 7-day and 10-day
levo
floxacin-containing triple therapy regimen (PAL) for
first-line therapy ranged from 74% to 85%.
52,78
–81
Although
this regimen was signi
ficantly more effective than PAC triple
therapy for the same duration, eradication rates were
generally inadequate (
<80% in most studies). Several
studies that assessed susceptibility found dramatically
lower eradication rates with PAL in levo
floxacin-resistant
versus levo
floxacin-sensitive strains (37.5% vs 97.3%
52
and 50.0% vs 84.4%
81
).
Other issues and discussion. Levo
floxacin is widely used
for other types of infections; as such, there is a high
prevalence of background resistance to this and other
quinolones
(primary
resistance,
6%
–36%
48,52,82
–85
;
secondary resistance, 18%
–63%).
83,84
There is also cross-
resistance with other quinolones.
86
Levo
floxacin resistance
among respiratory, urinary, and other pathogens is highly
correlated with use of
fluoroquinolones,
87
–90
and therefore
its use should be limited.
Decisions. Based on the unacceptably low eradication
rates of PAL for
first-line therapy and the high prevalence of
levo
floxacin resistance, the consensus group agreed that
other regimens, particularly bismuth quadruple therapy
(PBMT) and concomitant nonbismuth quadruple therapy
(PAMC), are preferred in this setting.
Statement 7. In patients with
H pylori infection,
we recommend against the use of sequential non-
bismuth quadruple therapy (PA followed by PMC) as
a
first-line therapy. GRADE: Strong recommendation;
quality of evidence moderate. Vote: strongly agree, 50%;
agree, 37.5%; uncertain 12.5%.
Key evidence (
Supplementary Table 7
). Meta-analyses
of early studies (up to 2009) with sequential therapy showed
promising results, with eradication rates consistently higher
than 90%.
91
–93
Several more recent meta-analyses have
shown that 10-day sequential therapy is not superior to 14-
day triple therapy,
70,94,95
bismuth quadruple therapy,
70
and
concomitant nonbismuth quadruple therapy.
70,96,97
The updated meta-analysis of studies performed for this
consensus meeting (as of 2015) included 14 RCTs
comparing
sequential
and
concomitant
nonbismuth
quadruple therapy using the same drugs at the same dose
and for the same duration (see statement 4).
69
In this
analysis, concomitant therapy was signi
ficantly more effec-
tive than sequential therapy (ITT eradication rate, 85.7% vs
79.7%; RD, 6%; 95% CI, 3%
–9%; P < .0001) (
Figure 2
).
69
Other issues and discussion. Analyses of studies in pa-
tients with resistant strains found higher eradication rates
with concomitant therapy versus sequential therapy among
resistant
strains
(clarithromycin
resistance,
92%
vs
62%
55,71,72
; metronidazole resistance, 97% vs 82%
71
–73
;
and dual clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance, 79%
vs 47%
55,71
–73
).
69
Decisions. The consensus group concluded these data
strongly suggest that sequential therapy is inferior to
concomitant therapy, with current successful eradication
rates decreasing to
<80% in more recent studies.
69,98
Therefore, nonbismuth quadruple therapy should be admin-
istered via a concomitant rather than sequential regimen.
Prior Failure
Statement 8. In patients who have previously
failed to respond to
H pylori eradication therapy, we
recommend traditional bismuth quadruple therapy
(PBMT) for 14 days as an option for subsequent
July 2016
Toronto Consensus for
H pylori Treatment
59
therapy. GRADE: Strong recommendation; quality of evi-
dence low. Vote: strongly agree, 62.5%; agree, 37.5%.
Key evidence (
Supplementary Table 8
). A meta-analysis
of data from 38 RCTs assessing bismuth quadruple therapy
(PBMT) after failure of standard triple therapy (PAC) re-
ported an eradication success rate of 78% (95% CI, 75%
–
81%).
99
There was a trend toward higher eradication rates
with longer duration of therapy (7-day regimen, 76%; 10-
day regimen, 77%; 14-day regimen, 82%).
A meta-analysis of RCTs and cohort studies was con-
ducted for the meeting to assess the optimal duration of
bismuth quadruple therapy as rescue therapy. Overall, 51
studies were included. No direct head-to-head studies
comparing 10- and 14-day durations were found, but meta-
regression showed that eradication rates using ITT analyses
were numerically higher (although not statistically signi
fi-
cant) with the 14-day regimen versus the 10-day regimen
(78.7% vs 75.6%; P
¼ .33).
There is little evidence for PBMT as rescue therapy after
regimens other than standard triple therapy. In a small
Korean cohort study (n
¼ 45), third-line bismuth quadruple
therapy after failure of second-line quadruple therapy had
an ITT eradication rate of 66.7%.
42
In a Canadian study,
PBMT rescue therapy after 1 to 5 prior treatment failures
had an ITT eradication rate of 84%; however, this was much
lower in patients previously exposed to bismuth and tetra-
cycline compared with patients without exposure (55% vs
90%; RD, 35%; 95% CI, 10%
–62%; P < .01).
43
Other issues and discussion. The consensus group
discussed different strategies to potentially improve or
optimize bismuth quadruple therapy for use in patients
who previously failed to respond to treatment, such as
using more potent acid inhibition or higher doses of
metronidazole.
The meta-analysis of 51 studies of PBMT rescue ther-
apy that was conducted for the meeting found no direct
head-to-head studies comparing low-dose versus high-
dose PPI therapy or twice-daily versus more frequent
dosing. However, the data allowed between-study com-
parisons for the dose of esomeprazole (20 mg twice daily
in 9 studies and 40 mg twice daily in 6 studies). Meta-
regression models adjusting for duration did suggest
that regimens containing esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily
were more effective than regimens containing esomepra-
zole 20 mg twice daily (P
¼ .005).
A focused literature search was conducted for studies
that assessed the role of the dose of metronidazole in
eradication regimens. Metronidazole resistance has been
shown in meta-analyses to be a predictor of failure of
treatment with metronidazole-containing regimens.
26,56,100
In one meta-analysis of various regimens, metronidazole
resistance reduced effectiveness by an average of 37.7%
(95% CI, 29.6%
–45.7%).
26,32,101,102
Increasing the dose
and duration of metronidazole may at least partially
overcome metronidazole resistance.
32
Some data from
triple therapy studies support the use of a higher dose of
metronidazole.
103,104
In the HOMER study, the eradication
success rates for metronidazole-resistant strains according
to dose of metronidazole in a PAM regimen were 54%
with 800 mg/day, 50% with 1200 mg/day, and 75% with
1600 mg/day, although in this study the dose of amoxi-
cillin also varied from 1.5 to 2 g/day.
103
Similarly, a
comparison of doses of metronidazole in a BMT regimen
showed eradication of resistant strains in 64.2% of cases
with 750 mg/day compared with 39% to 40% with 375
mg/day.
104
Decisions. The consensus group concluded that for pa-
tients who have previously failed to respond to H pylori
eradication therapy, traditional bismuth quadruple therapy
(PBMT) for 14 days is likely one of the more effective options
for rescue therapy. However, more evidence is needed to
determine whether PBMT is superior to other alternatives in
the second-line setting. With the prevalence of metronidazole
resistance reported at 20% to 77%,
4,18
–20,40,51
the consensus
group recommended a dose of metronidazole in the bismuth
quadruple therapy regimen of at least 1500 mg/day
(maximum of 2000 mg/day) (
Table 2
).
Because existing data on the ef
ficacy of PBMT as rescue
therapy come primarily from studies conducted in patients
who previously failed to respond to a standard triple ther-
apy regimen, there is some controversy as to whether PBMT
can be used to re-treat patients after failure of the same
regimen. Some members of the consensus group advocated
against repeating this regimen, whereas others supported a
role for repeat PBMT, perhaps with a higher dose of
metronidazole and/or a PPI in certain cases in which op-
tions are very limited (eg, cases in which the clinician wants
an alternative to a rifabutin combination after the patient
has failed to respond to PBMT and PAL).
Statement 9. In patients who have previously
failed to respond to
H pylori eradication therapy, we
suggest levo
floxacin-containing therapy for 14 days
as an option for subsequent therapy. GRADE: Condi-
tional recommendation; quality of evidence low. Vote:
strongly agree, 12.5%; agree, 87.5%.
Key evidence (
Supplementary Table 9
). A meta-analysis
of 5 studies assessed PAL after failure of sequential
nonbismuth quadruple therapy and yielded an overall
eradication rate of 81% (95% CI, 71%
–91%).
99
Another
meta-analysis reported an eradication success rate with PAL
of 81% after sequential (6 studies) and 78% after
concomitant (3 studies) nonbismuth quadruple therapy.
105
Meta-analyses of studies comparing PAL and PBMT as
second-line therapy showed no signi
ficant differences in
overall eradication rates (77%
–79% with PAL vs 67%–69%
with PBMT).
99,106
One RCT found that 14-day PAL was as
effective as 14-day PBMT in patients who failed to respond
to 7-day triple therapy (ITT eradication rates of 86.3% and
86%, respectively).
107
However, a recent real-world study
showed superior performance of PBMT over PAL in second-
to sixth-line rescue therapy (ITT, 84% vs 61%; RD, 24%
[95% CI, 10%
–37%]).
43
Eradication rates were signi
ficantly higher (88.7%; 95%
CI, 56.1%
–100%; P < .05) with 10-day compared with 7-
day levo
floxacin-containing regimens (70.6%; 95% CI,
40.2%
–99.1%).
106
Other issues and discussion. An RCT showed that adding
bismuth to a 14-day,
first-line PAL (BPAL) regimen only
60
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Gastroenterology Vol. 151, No. 1
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