Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs International Energy Agency Eurostat European Environment Agency


(d) International Targets/Recommended Standards



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(d) International Targets/Recommended Standards: None. 
(e) Linkages to Other Indicators: This indicator is closely linked with other 
economic indicators, such as energy use per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), 
energy prices, energy intensities and energy net imports; with environmental 
indicators such as GHG emissions, air quality and waste generation; and with social 
indicators such as household energy use for each income group. 
METHODOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION 
(a) Underlying Definitions and Concepts: Total primary energy supply (TPES) and 
total final consumption (TFC) are key aggregates in the energy balances. 
TPES comprises production of primary energy — for example, coal, crude oil, natural 
gas, nuclear, hydro and other non-combustible and combustible renewables — plus 
imports, less exports of all energy carriers, less international marine bunkers and 
finally corrected for net changes in energy stocks. Production refers to the first stage 
of production. International trade of energy commodities is based on the general trade 
system; that is, all goods entering and leaving the national boundaries of a country are 
recorded as imports and exports, respectively. In general, data on stocks refer to 
changes in stocks of producers, importers and/or industrial consumers at the 
beginning and the end of the year. 
TFC refers to the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors and thus 
excludes energy consumed, or losses incurred, in the conversion, transformation and 
distribution of the various energy carriers. 
(b) Measuring Methods: This indicator is calculated as the ratio of the total annual 
use of energy to the mid-year population. The following entries are to be specified for 
the numerator of the indicator: total primary energy supply, total final consumption 
and total final electricity consumption. 

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