Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs International Energy Agency Eurostat European Environment Agency



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(e) Linkages to Other Indicators: This indicator is closely linked with other 
indicators of the economic and environmental dimensions, including energy use, 
energy intensities, energy mix, greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions, and soil 
and water contamination. 
METHODOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION 
(a) Underlying Definitions and Concepts: This indicator comprises the following: 
Fossil fuel efficiency for electricity generation, defined as gross production of 
electricity (including own use of electricity by power plants) from fossil fuel power 
plants relative to fossil fuel inputs. Significant improvements in the average efficiency 
of thermal power plants result from fuel switching; the commissioning of new, high-
efficiency generating plants; and the decommissioning of older, inefficient plants. In 
particular, a move from coal towards gas, a fuel used in high-efficiency combined 
gas-steam cycle, usually incurs higher efficiency gains. The indicator can be 
developed separately for oil-, gas- and coal-based generation to isolate the fuel-
switching effect. 
Electricity transmission and distribution efficiency, defined as the ratio of final 
electricity consumption to electricity supply. Electric power transmission and 
distribution losses include losses during transmission between sources of supply and 
points of distribution and during the distribution to consumers, including pilferage. 
Gas distribution efficiency, defined as the ratio of final gas consumption to gas 
supply. Gas supply is defined as primary gas supply less gas input to power stations. 
Gas transportation and distribution losses include losses during transportation between 
sources of supply and points of distribution, including own-use gas consumed by gas 
pumping systems, and during the distribution to consumers. 
Oil refining efficiency, defined as the average percentage of refinery output products 
to refinery input, including feedstock. Both factors are expressed in energy units. 

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