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Chapter Five: The Great Crusades (1095–
1272)
The classic study of the Crusades remains Stephen Runciman’s History of the
Crusades (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951–54).
Five versions of Urban II’s speech can be found at Fordham University’s
Medieval Sourcebook,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-
5vers.html
.
The quote on cannibalism is from The Crusades Encyclopedia article,
“Cannibalism During the Crusades.” You can find it at
http://www.crusades-
encyclopedia.com/cannibalism.html
.
The story of Umar and the Jewish temple is drawn from Ben Abrahamson
and Joseph Katz’s “The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614 CE Compared
with Islamic Conquest of 638 CE: Its Messianic Nature and the Role of the
Jewish Exilarch,” which can be found at
http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~jkatz/The%20Persian%20conquest%20of%20Jerusalem%20in%20614CE%20compared%20with%20Islamic%20conquest%20of%20638CE.pdf.
The Catholic Encyclopedia entry on the Crusades can be found at
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm
.
The quote from Spiros Vryonis describing the attack on Constantinople is
from Byzantium and Europe (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967), 152.
The statement from Pope Innocent III is quoted in Victoria Clark’s Why
Angels Fall: A Journey Through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 27.
The assertion about the transformation of the east Baltic world is taken from
the Wikipedia article on the Northern Crusades.
The characterization of Muslim views of Franks is drawn from Carole
Hillenbrand and Thomas Madden’s “Why the Crusades Still Matter,” National
Catholic Reporter, February 24, 2006.

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Chapter Six: Shared Echoes
I am indebted to Russell F. Brant for the insight on the “intimate linkage
between religion and state power” in Christian history that historically exceeds
that of Islam.
I used the History Learning Site as a resource for much of the basic Calvin
information.
The statement about human weakness is taken from a Wikipedia article on
the Great Apostasy.

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