Jumaeva nasiba komil qizi lexical and semantic characteristics of hyponomic relations in words in english and

Socrates is a man. Socrates 
Men are mortals. Man 
Socrates is a mortal. Soctrates 
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. 
According to D.Cruse opinion, such syllogisms can be the basis og the 
logical of the cultures of western and non-western countries. However, D.Cruse 
also expressed opposition to the concept of transitivity in his study. For example,
A hang-glider is a types glider. 
A glider is a type of airplane. 
A hang-glider is type of airplane. 
The relationships expressed in the above sentences do not provide a logical 
expression of taxonomy. The general meaning of the words hang-glider and glider 
is interpreted by the sentences “a prototypical hang-glider is a type of glider” and 
“a prototypical glider is a type of airplane” and since “hang-glider” is not a 
prototype of the word “glide” the syllogism in the sentences was misinterpreted.
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In addition, in Uzbek 
J. Djumabaeva, N. Sabirova illustrated the opinion 
about taxonomy. For instance,
the taxonomy usually consists of five steps, for 
example, white oaks are white oaks, all white oaks are oaks, all oaks are tree, all 
tree are plants. The at each level of this hierarchy represents a type of its 
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Djumabaeva J, Sabirova N. The study of hyponymic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and semantic 
relations of hyponymy. 2020; -P. 874. Doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.195 
25
Djumabaeva J, Sabirova N. The study of hyponymic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and semantic 
relations of hyponymy.2020; 19(4). - P. 874. Doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.195 
26
Cruse D.A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press. 1993. –P. 74. 

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superordinate. This idea can also be observed in the sentence koala is a kind of 
bear. Modern westeerners, familiar with the scientific classification, understant the 
koala not as a species of bear, but as a species of koala, i.e. 
Koala is not a kind of bear. 
Koala is a kind of marsupial. 
The rigid concept of species in taxonomy and categories of class attitudes it 
defines seem particularly stable, meaning that this is somehow challenge to 
reconsider the taxonomies of natural species we have learned in the process of 
mastering our mother tongue. Since the categories in the taxonomy of natural 
species are sufficiently strict and clear, for example, we can not convert “oak” into 
“ash” tree, “lizard” into “mammal”. Such anm arrangement of natural language 
term in the taxonomy allows the speaker to draw important conclusion in the 
distribution of features that represent the various exceptions of natural world
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. In 
addition, several definitions can be made which appear to correspond to existing 
intuitive concepts. Let us begin with some of the latter. 
The set of all taxa immediately preceded by the same taxon constituties a 
contrast set. That is, a contrast set is any non-full set, where t1 is a member of T. In 
the previouse example, all the immediate subclasses of oak—live oak, jack oak, 
etc.
The level of the taxon is defined as follows: the level of the unique begginer 
is 0. The level of a taxon immediately preceded by a taxon of level 1 is 2, and so 
on. For example, if in a taxonomic structure, the unique beginner, ‘plant’, 
immediately precedes ‘tree’, ‘tree’ immediately presedes ‘oak’, and ‘oak’ 
immediately precedes ‘live oak’, then ‘plant’ is at alevel 0, ‘tree’ at level 1, ‘oak’ 
at level 2, and ‘live oak’ at level 3.
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Since the taxonomic relationships of 
hyponyms are antisymmetric and transitive, they represented in multi-level 
taxonomic tree diagrams. 
This diagram illustrates not only the hyponymic 
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Djumabaeva J, Sabirova N. The study of hyponymic taxonomy in English linguistics and the lexical and 
semantic relations of hyponymy. 2020; 19(4):-P. 874. Doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.195 
28
Paul Kay. “Taxonomy and Semantic Contrast”. Published by: Linguistic Society of America. 1971. –P. 866 

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relationships, but also the parts and contradictions inherent in the taxonomic 
structures. At each level, examples of contrasting elements are given and 
hyponomic realationships associated with the word “cow” are developed.