20
will form three covalent bonds (also called triple covalent) between two atoms
of nitrogen because each
nitrogen atom needs three electrons to fill its outermost shell. Another example of a nonpolar covalent bond is
found in the methane (CH
4
) molecule. The outermost shell of the carbon
atom holds four electrons, and it
requires another four to fill it. These four come from four hydrogen atoms, with each atom contributing one.
Each of these elements shares an equal number of electrons to form four nonpolar covalent bonds (Figure 7).
In a polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by the atoms spend more time closer to one nucleus than
to the other nucleus. Because of the unequal distribution of electrons between the different nuclei, a slightly
positive (δ+) or slightly negative (δ–) charge develops. Water contains polar covalent bonds, which are covalent
bonds between atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen nucleus has a slight negative charge because the
shared electrons spend more time there than they do near the hydrogen nuclei, which have a slight positive
charge.
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